Saharsa (Bihar)

Agriculture and its allied sectors are major economic activities of Saharsa district. In recent years, brick manufacturing, maize, makhana and jute processing have emerged on significant scale. &nbsp;The major problem of Saharsa is annual and unpredictable flooding of Kosi river and seasonal migration.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Saharsa_Some_Important_Indicators_3a06e0f43f.png"></figure>

MGNREGS_Saharsa_data.xlsx

MGNREGS Saharsa.pdf

MGNREGS: Some Important FactsUnder MGNREGS, any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work are guaranteed by law to be given at least 100 days of wage employment per financial year by the government. The wage rates are pre-determined by the government and vary across states. The work is used to create different assets like buildings, irrigation facilities, etc. There is a possibility of convergences with other schemes where such work is needed—that is, MGNREGS can be used to create assets for other government schemes.&nbsp;<figure class="table" style="float:left;"><table style="border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">S. No.</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Indicator</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Performance</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">1</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Ministry</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Ministry of Rural Development</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">2</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Benefits under the scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>At least 100 days of employment per year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.&nbsp;</li><li>The wage rate is notified by the Union Government, but states may provide a higher wage rate from their own fund. The wage rates are revised yearly and are based on Consumer Price Index for Agriculture Labour.</li><li>Additional 50 days of employment (beyond the 100 days) to every Scheduled Tribe Household in a forest area having no other private property.&nbsp;</li><li>Additional 50 days unskilled manual work per year (beyond the 100 days) to job card holders in drought affected rural areas.</li><li>In case applicants are not given employment within 15 days of application, they are entitled to an unemployment allowance which is linked to the wage rate.</li><li>Under the scheme, states are required to appoint an Ombudsperson in each district as well as co-ordinate toll-free-lines for the redressal of grievance.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">3</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Main Expenses</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">There are four main components<ul><li>Wage</li><li>Material</li><li>Admin</li><li>Tax (which is paid on the purchase of material)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">4</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Funding of the Scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>MGNREGS is a Centrally sponsored scheme; the fund for the scheme comes from the Union as well as State Government.&nbsp;</li><li>100% cost of the unskilled labour based on the notified rate is borne by the Union Government.</li><li>75% of the material cost is borne by the Union Government.</li><li>Remaining costs (in case of higher wage rate, and 25% of total material cost) are borne by the State governments.&nbsp;</li><li>The work is used to create different assets, like – buildings, irrigation facilities, etc., such that there are convergences with other schemes where such work is needed, i.e., assets created can be used for other schemes.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">5</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;">Fund Flow Mechanism</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.4pt;"><ul><li>The components of MGNREGS expense flow as depicted in the figure below</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Latehar_MGRENGS_Modal_Window_2_Fund_Flow_Mechanism_4d18adc462.png"></figure>

Saharsa got the status of a district on 1st April 1954 after bifurcation of Munger and Bhagalpur districts. Subsequently, Madhepura and Supaul were separated from Saharsa district in 1981 and 1991, respectively. Saharsa consists of 10 blocks and circles.

MGNREGS aims to provide minimum 100 days of wage employment per rural household in a financial year. It was launched in 2005 with the goal of enhancing livelihood security of India’s rural masses.

Agriculture and its allied sectors are major economic activities of Saharsa district. In recent years, brick manufacturing, maize, makhana and jute processing have emerged on significant scale. &nbsp;The major problem of Saharsa is annual and unpredictable flooding of Kosi river and seasonal migration.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Saharsa_Some_Important_Indicators_3a06e0f43f.png"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_8724067b4c.png"></figure>

MDM_Saharsa_data.xlsx

MDM_Saharsa.pdf

Mid-day Meal Scheme: Some important details&nbsp; The MDM scheme (now Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman or PM POSHAN) is a flagship programme of the Government of India to enhance enrolment, retention and attendance. Simultaneously it seeks to improve nutrition levels among children from class I-VIII in Government and Government-Aided Schools. Under the scheme, one hot cooked meal is provided to students in the primary and upper level of Government and Government-Aided Schools during all working days. Planning for the scheme (which includes anticipated number of working days, average number of students, amount of food grains to be distributed, identification of agency to supply cooked meals, etc.) is done based on information maintained at the school level and then aggregated at the Block, District and State level. After the approval of the State Level Steering cum Monitoring Committee, the plan is submitted to the Government of India for approval.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/MDM_Modal_window_2_table_a78d0394c2.png"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Fund_Flow_under_MDM_c1cb7d0391.png"></figure>

Saharsa got the status of a district on 1st April 1954, after being carved out of Munger and Bhagalpur districts. Later, Madhepura and Supaul were separated from Saharsa district in 1981 and 1991, respectively. Today, Saharsa consists of 10 blocks and circles. 

The MDM scheme (now Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman or PM POSHAN) is a flagship programme of the Government of India to enhance enrolment, retention and attendance. 

Traditionally, agriculture and allied activities have been the district’s major economic pillar and the main source of employment for its population. Being one of the flood-prone districts in Bihar, a major challenge before the district administration is successfully coping with the health issues emerging due to frequent floods, which may have an immediate or long-term detrimental impact on the health of the people. Saharsa has 2 district hospitals and 7 PHCs.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_1654ff5b56.png"></figure>

NHM_Saharsa_data.xlsx

NHM_Saharsa.pdf

NHM aims to provide universal access to equitable, affordable and quality healthcare services that are accountable and responsive to the needs of people in both rural and urban areas of the country. The main program components of the scheme are strengthening of the health system, focus on improving reproductive-maternal-neonatal-child and adolescent health (RMNCH+A) and prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/modal_window_2_image_1_NHM_Important_Facts_at_a_Glance_ee5c288278.png"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/modal_window_2_image_2_Fund_Flow_under_NHM_a84ecfdd42.png"></figure>

Saharsa is one of the 38 districts in the state of Bihar. It consists of 1 municipality, 2 sub-divisions, 10 blocks/tehsils, 468 villages and 151 panchayats.

National Health Mission (NHM) is a flagship programme of the Government of India, launched in 2005. It has two sub-missions subsumed under it: the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM).

Group 3319.jpg

small_Group 3319.jpg

thumbnail_Group 3319.jpg

Funds are made available to districts based on employment demand and the need for material. Figure 1 presents the trend of fund availability and expenditure in the district.Figure 1: Fund Available and Expenditure (Rs Crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Fund_Available_and_Expenditure_Rs_Crore_f07727f3c3.png"></figure><ul><li>While expenditure under the scheme increased by 49% in 2020-21, the first year of the pandemic, the district had seen a large increase (39%) in 2019-20 as well.</li><li>In the second year of the pandemic, expenditure decreased 64%, below the 2019-20 figure.</li><li>The trend of 2020-21 and 2021-22 largely mirrors the countrywide trend. In 2020-21, areas with large in-bound migration saw a spike in work demand under MGNREGS. In 2021-22, some of that trend has reversed and people might be looking for work elsewhere.</li></ul>Figure 2: Cumulative Fund Available and Expenditure Between 2017-18 and 2021-22 (Rs Crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Cumulative_Fund_Available_and_Expenditure_Between_8213b567b4.png"></figure><ul><li>At the block level, in the period from 2017-18 to 2021-22, the largest fund available as well as the largest expenditure was recorded by Sonbarsa and Simri Bakhtiarpur, while the lowest was by Banma Ithari and Sattar Kattaiya.</li><li>During this period, all blocks have seen fund availability exceed expenditure.</li></ul>

How Much Funds Were Made Available and How Much Was Spent?

Funds are made available to districts based on employment demand and the need for material. Figure 1 presents the trend of fund availability and expenditure in the district. Figure 1: Fund Available and Expenditure (Rs Crore) While expenditure under the scheme increased by 49% in 2020-21, the first year of the pandemic, the district had seen a large increase (39%) in 2019-20 as well. In the second year of the pandemic, expenditure decreased 64%, below the 2019-20 figure. The trend of 2020-21 and 2021-22 largely mirrors the countrywide trend. In 2020-21, areas with large in-bound migration saw a spike in work demand under MGNREGS. In 2021-22, some of that trend has reversed and people might be looking for work elsewhere. Figure 2: Cumulative Fund Available and Expenditure Between 2017-18 and 2021-22 (Rs Crore) At the block level, in the period from 2017-18 to 2021-22, the largest fund available as well as the largest expenditure was recorded by Sonbarsa and Simri Bakhtiarpur, while the lowest was by Banma Ithari and Sattar Kattaiya. During this period, all blocks have seen fund availability exceed expenditure. 

Of the total funds available with a district, some amount can remain unspent at the end of a financial year for various reasons. Or, in other cases, expenditure can exceed funds available, which indicates a shortage of funds. The extent of funds spent out of the total funds available is called the ‘rate of utilisation’. &nbsp; Figure 3 shows out of the total funds available with the district, how much was unspent at the end of the financial year, and its annual rate of utilisation.Figure 3: Unspent Balance and Rate of Utilisation<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Unspent_Balance_and_Rate_of_Utilisation_aab74c3e72.png"></figure><ul><li>In all five years, there have been unspent funds.</li><li>The amount of unspent funds has been coming down since 2018-19.</li><li>Utilisation, which is spending as a percentage of available funds, has been improving and is near full utilisation (above 99%).</li></ul>Figure 4: Unspent Balance /Shortage of fund at Blocks (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Unspent_Balance_Shortage_of_fund_at_Blocks_Rs_lakh_ff53b0aa6e.png"></figure><ul><li>Figure 4 presents the year-wise unspent balance at the block level.</li><li>While the amount varies across years and across blocks, all 10 blocks had unspent balances at the end of financial years in this period.</li><li>At the end of 2021-22, Simri Bakhtiarpur had the highest unspent balance, while Kahara had the lowest.</li></ul>

How Has the Fund Utilisation Been?

Of the total funds available with a district, some amount can remain unspent at the end of a financial year for various reasons. Or, in other cases, expenditure can exceed funds available, which indicates a shortage of funds. The extent of funds spent out of the total funds available is called the ‘rate of utilisation’. Figure 3 shows out of the total funds available with the district, how much was unspent at the end of the financial year, and its annual rate of utilisation. Figure 3: Unspent Balance and Rate of Utilisation In all five years, there have been unspent funds. The amount of unspent funds has been coming down since 2018-19. Utilisation, which is spending as a percentage of available funds, has been improving and is near full utilisation (above 99%). Figure 4: Unspent Balance /Shortage of fund at Blocks (Rs lakh) Figure 4 presents the year-wise unspent balance at the block level. While the amount varies across years and across blocks, all 10 blocks had unspent balances at the end of financial years in this period. At the end of 2021-22, Simri Bakhtiarpur had the highest unspent balance, while Kahara had the lowest. 

Total expenditure under MGNREGS occurs on four components: wages, material, taxes paid on buying materials, and lastly the administration. The last two are small components. Hence, only wages and material expenses have been analysed below.Figure 5: Components of Expenditure<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Total_Payments_Due_Rs_Lakh_78d9907896.png"></figure><ul><li>In these five years, the average share of wages in total expenditure was 77%, while the share of material was 22%.</li><li>Expenditure on taxes and admin have a combined share of less than 2%.</li><li>Both wage payments and material expenses increased in absolute terms up to 2020-21, and declined subsequently.</li><li>In percentage terms, wage payment has been gradually declined from 88.2% in 2018-19 to 69.6% in 2021-22. Meanwhile, the share of material expenses has increased from 11.4% in 2018-19 to 27.5% in 2021-22.</li></ul>

Where is the Money Going?

Total expenditure under MGNREGS occurs on four components: wages, material, taxes paid on buying materials, and lastly the administration. The last two are small components. Hence, only wages and material expenses have been analysed below. Figure 5: Components of Expenditure In these five years, the average share of wages in total expenditure was 77%, while the share of material was 22%. Expenditure on taxes and admin have a combined share of less than 2%. Both wage payments and material expenses increased in absolute terms up to 2020-21, and declined subsequently. In percentage terms, wage payment has been gradually declined from 88.2% in 2018-19 to 69.6% in 2021-22. Meanwhile, the share of material expenses has increased from 11.4% in 2018-19 to 27.5% in 2021-22. 

Sometimes, either because of excess expenditure over funds available or because of procedural delays, payment for the work done can be due at the end of the period. This amount is called ‘payment due’. This amount is generally paid in the subsequent period. Figure 6 shows the trend of total payment due and its breakup across two major components, wages and material.Figure 6: Total Payment Due (Rs Lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Components_of_Expenditure_6fc8708ec6.png"></figure><ul><li>Although the payment due fluctuated in absolute terms between 2017-18 and 2020-21, it remained at a relatively low level of less than 2% of total expenditure.</li><li>Even in 2020-21, when demand for work surged, the payment due was 1.4% of total expenditure.</li><li>In 2021-22, payment due has touched 14.8% of total expenditure.</li><li>About 80% of payment due in 2021-22 is towards material expenses.</li><li>At the end of 2021-22, Sour Bazar (Rs 4.86 crore) and Simri Bakhtiyarpur (Rs 2.86 crore) have the highest payment due, while Mahishi (Rs 43.03 lakh) and Salkhua (Rs 71.76 lakh) have the lowest due.</li><li>The gap between total payment due and the sum of wages and material is payment due on tax.</li></ul>

What is the Scale of Payment Due?

Sometimes, either because of excess expenditure over funds available or because of procedural delays, payment for the work done can be due at the end of the period. This amount is called ‘payment due’. This amount is generally paid in the subsequent period. Figure 6 shows the trend of total payment due and its breakup across two major components, wages and material. Figure 6: Total Payment Due (Rs Lakh) Although the payment due fluctuated in absolute terms between 2017-18 and 2020-21, it remained at a relatively low level of less than 2% of total expenditure. Even in 2020-21, when demand for work surged, the payment due was 1.4% of total expenditure. In 2021-22, payment due has touched 14.8% of total expenditure. About 80% of payment due in 2021-22 is towards material expenses. At the end of 2021-22, Sour Bazar (Rs 4.86 crore) and Simri Bakhtiyarpur (Rs 2.86 crore) have the highest payment due, while Mahishi (Rs 43.03 lakh) and Salkhua (Rs 71.76 lakh) have the lowest due. The gap between total payment due and the sum of wages and material is payment due on tax. 

Under the scheme, all rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work, and demand the same, are to be given such work. In this context, there are three datapoints: how many persons demanded (applied for) work; of those who demanded, how many were offered work; of those who were offered work, how many availed the work. These indicators are presented below.Figure 7: Trends in Employment Demanded, Offered and Availed (No. of Persons in 1,000)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Trends_of_Employment_Demanded_Offered_and_Availed_No_of_Persons_in_1_000_222c2af372.png"></figure><ul><li>There is divergence between the trend for total expenditure and that for employment demanded and availed.</li><li>While expenditure under the scheme decreased 15% in 2018-19, over 2017-18, the number of persons demanding and availing work under the scheme increased by 20% and 33%, respectively.</li><li>The annual rate of change in wage expenditure between 2018-19 and 2020-21 is 44%, while that for employment demanded and availed is more gradual at 17%.</li><li>The difference in the trend of total expenditure versus employment availed can be explained by the average number of days a person worked in a year. This figure increased from 31 in 2017-18 to 41 in 2020-21. In 2021-22, it fell to 29.</li><li>Of the households that were provided employment, less than 1% completed 100 days of employment in any of these five years.</li><li>The low level of average days worked, against the 100 days guaranteed under the scheme, needs further research to identify the underlying reasons.</li></ul>In these five years, while almost everyone who demanded work was offered employment, the number of persons actually availing work was relatively lower. Figure 8 shows what proportion of people who were offered employment actually availed the work.&nbsp;Figure 8: Out of All Who Were Offered Employment, What Proportion Availed It (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Out_of_All_Who_are_Offered_Employment_f54b59f76f.png"></figure><ul><li>Barring 2018-19 and 2019-20, the proportion at the district and the state are at similar levels.</li><li>At the state level, the proportion has increased continuously in these five years.</li><li>Further research is needed to understand why about 20% persons who demanded employment and were offered it did not avail that employment.</li></ul>

How Many Demanded Work and How Many Were Offered?

Under the scheme, all rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work, and demand the same, are to be given such work. In this context, there are three datapoints: how many persons demanded (applied for) work; of those who demanded, how many were offered work; of those who were offered work, how many availed the work. These indicators are presented below. Figure 7: Trends in Employment Demanded, Offered and Availed (No. of Persons in 1,000) There is divergence between the trend for total expenditure and that for employment demanded and availed. While expenditure under the scheme decreased 15% in 2018-19, over 2017-18, the number of persons demanding and availing work under the scheme increased by 20% and 33%, respectively. The annual rate of change in wage expenditure between 2018-19 and 2020-21 is 44%, while that for employment demanded and availed is more gradual at 17%. The difference in the trend of total expenditure versus employment availed can be explained by the average number of days a person worked in a year. This figure increased from 31 in 2017-18 to 41 in 2020-21. In 2021-22, it fell to 29. Of the households that were provided employment, less than 1% completed 100 days of employment in any of these five years. The low level of average days worked, against the 100 days guaranteed under the scheme, needs further research to identify the underlying reasons. In these five years, while almost everyone who demanded work was offered employment, the number of persons actually availing work was relatively lower. Figure 8 shows what proportion of people who were offered employment actually availed the work. Figure 8: Out of All Who Were Offered Employment, What Proportion Availed It (%) Barring 2018-19 and 2019-20, the proportion at the district and the state are at similar levels. At the state level, the proportion has increased continuously in these five years. Further research is needed to understand why about 20% persons who demanded employment and were offered it did not avail that employment. 

Figure 9 presents the employment data divided by gender.Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Gender_Disaggregated_Employment_Data_ebfb6bfc6a.png"></figure><ul><li>Both men and women registered an increase in work-days till 2020-21.</li><li>In 2021-22, overall person-days decreased by 60%, and slipped below the 2018-19 figure.</li><li>Women have had a higher share in work-days than men in all five years.</li><li>The share of women in work-days shows two different trends. The first is from 2017-18 to 2019-20, when it increased. The second is from 2019-20 to 2021-22, when it declined. Identifying the reasons behind these changes needs further research.</li></ul>

How Has Employment Been Distributed Across Gender?

Figure 9 presents the employment data divided by gender. Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data Both men and women registered an increase in work-days till 2020-21. In 2021-22, overall person-days decreased by 60%, and slipped below the 2018-19 figure. Women have had a higher share in work-days than men in all five years. The share of women in work-days shows two different trends. The first is from 2017-18 to 2019-20, when it increased. The second is from 2019-20 to 2021-22, when it declined. Identifying the reasons behind these changes needs further research. 

Figure 10 represent the person-days availed, in absolute and relative terms, by the three social groups: Schedules tribes (STs), Scheduled castes (SCs) and others.Figure 10: Employment for STs and SCs<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Employment_for_S_Ts_and_S_Cs_9ce715d29f.png"></figure><ul><li>All three population groups saw an increase in person-days till 2020-21.</li><li>STs had a share of 0.32% in the district population. The same is reflected in their share of MGNREGS person-days (between 0.10% and 0.23%).</li><li>The share of SCs in person-days declined from 2017-18 to 2020-21, but there was a marginal recovery in 2021-22.</li><li>The share of SCs in person-days in the last three years is sizeably lower than their share in the district population (16.7%). Further research is required to determine the reasons behind this disparity.</li></ul>

How Has Employment Been Distributed Across Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes?

Figure 10 represent the person-days availed, in absolute and relative terms, by the three social groups: Schedules tribes (STs), Scheduled castes (SCs) and others. Figure 10: Employment for STs and SCs All three population groups saw an increase in person-days till 2020-21. STs had a share of 0.32% in the district population. The same is reflected in their share of MGNREGS person-days (between 0.10% and 0.23%). The share of SCs in person-days declined from 2017-18 to 2020-21, but there was a marginal recovery in 2021-22. The share of SCs in person-days in the last three years is sizeably lower than their share in the district population (16.7%). Further research is required to determine the reasons behind this disparity. 

Given the importance of the scheme in generating livelihoods for a large number of people, different data points/information related to the scheme should be available and accessible by the common masses. Figure 11 compiles a list of essential data points/information regarding MGNREGS that would of interest to various stakeholders, and hence must be available and accessible for the district.&nbsp; The data points/information regarding MGNREGS is available on the MIS of the scheme: (<a href="http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx">http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx</a>). The data was accessed on 20th June, 2022Transparency and Accountability Index for MGNREGS in Pune&nbsp;Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness<ul><li>Information on funds available<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds utilized<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Delays in compensation and the reasons thereof'<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Status of beneficiaries’ accounts (frozen or unfrozen)<ul><li>Details on number of frozen accounts is available, but beneficiaries may not be able to check their status.</li></ul></li><li>Information on ‘number of person-days’ of jobs generated<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data by social groups<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on work/project undertaken<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator<ul><li>Houeshold</li></ul></li></ul>Accessibility<ul><li>Language of availability of information<ul><li>English only (Addition of Hindi may be useful to users)</li></ul></li><li>Compatibility on devices<ul><li>Phone, tablet, laptop friendly. But there’s no back button due to Captcha, which makes it a little cumbersome for users.</li></ul></li></ul>Timeliness<ul><li>Frequency of data updation<ul><li>Real-Time</li></ul></li></ul>Relevance<ul><li>How relevant would users find it<ul><li>It is largely useful and relevant for policymakers, civil society organizations (CSOs) and researchers. It can be made more relevant to beneficiaries. For instance, data on the number of projects, job-card holders, etc. is useful for researchers and CSOs; information on convergence of MGNREGS with other schemes and so on will be useful for policymakers and administrators, etc. However, beneficiaries cannot check their particular account status or delayed compensations, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>Reliability<ul><li>Whether the data is reliable<ul><li>While Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit reports for MGNREGS are available, authenticating with MIS as well as ground-truthing is essential.</li></ul></li></ul>Accountability and Citizen’s Participation<ul><li>Social Audit schedules<ul><li>Social audit calendars are available.</li></ul></li><li>Availability of social audit reports<ul><li>Gram Panchayat social audit reports are available for some Panchayats in some years, based on selection for social audit.</li></ul></li><li>Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas<ul><li>Although details on action taken after social audits are available, information on the number of beneficiaries as participants is not available; just the total number of participants in the Gram Sabhas is given.</li></ul></li><li>Availability of details on financial misappropriation and recovery<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries<ul><li>Ombudsperson’s status and complaint register are available, but may need to be updated. Beneficiaries can check the status of complaints at: <a href="http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&amp;Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg">http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&amp;Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Where Does the District Stand on Information Available for MGNREGS?

Given the importance of the scheme in generating livelihoods for a large number of people, different data points/information related to the scheme should be available and accessible by the common masses. Figure 11 compiles a list of essential data points/information regarding MGNREGS that would of interest to various stakeholders, and hence must be available and accessible for the district. The data points/information regarding MGNREGS is available on the MIS of the scheme: (http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx ). The data was accessed on 20th June, 2022 Transparency and Accountability Index for MGNREGS in Pune Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds available Yes Information on funds utilized Yes Delays in compensation and the reasons thereof' Yes Status of beneficiaries’ accounts (frozen or unfrozen) Details on number of frozen accounts is available, but beneficiaries may not be able to check their status. Information on ‘number of person-days’ of jobs generated Yes Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data Yes Disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data by social groups Yes Availability of information on work/project undertaken Yes Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator Houeshold Accessibility Language of availability of information English only (Addition of Hindi may be useful to users) Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly. But there’s no back button due to Captcha, which makes it a little cumbersome for users. Timeliness Frequency of data updation Real-Time Relevance How relevant would users find it It is largely useful and relevant for policymakers, civil society organizations (CSOs) and researchers. It can be made more relevant to beneficiaries. For instance, data on the number of projects, job-card holders, etc. is useful for researchers and CSOs; information on convergence of MGNREGS with other schemes and so on will be useful for policymakers and administrators, etc. However, beneficiaries cannot check their particular account status or delayed compensations, etc. Reliability Whether the data is reliable While Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit reports for MGNREGS are available, authenticating with MIS as well as ground-truthing is essential. Accountability and Citizen’s Participation Social Audit schedules Social audit calendars are available. Availability of social audit reports Gram Panchayat social audit reports are available for some Panchayats in some years, based on selection for social audit. Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas Although details on action taken after social audits are available, information on the number of beneficiaries as participants is not available; just the total number of participants in the Gram Sabhas is given. Availability of details on financial misappropriation and recovery Yes Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries Ombudsperson’s status and complaint register are available, but may need to be updated. Beneficiaries can check the status of complaints at: http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg 

One of the basic objectives of the MDM scheme is to increase enrolment of students. Figure 1 shows the combined enrolment in primary and upper primary classes in schools that provide MDM.<ul><li>In contrast to the scheme’s objectives, enrolment declined between 2017-18 and 2020-21 in both the state and Saharsa district.</li><li>However, the rate of decline in enrolment in Saharsa district was less than 1% compared to 12% at the state level.</li><li>At the state level, the decline in enrolment is more at the primary level (14%) then the upper primary level (8%).</li><li>At the district level, enrolment increased by 3.5% at the upper primary level, but fell 2.5% at the primary level.</li><li>While some of the decline in 2020-21 was on account of Covid-19, the trend shows the decline began even before the pandemic.</li></ul>Figure 1: Enrolment in schools providing MDM<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Enrolment_in_schools_providing_MDM_086788d7f7.png"></figure>

Has MDM Helped Increase Enrolment of Students in Saharsa?

One of the basic objectives of the MDM scheme is to increase enrolment of students. Figure 1 shows the combined enrolment in primary and upper primary classes in schools that provide MDM. In contrast to the scheme’s objectives, enrolment declined between 2017-18 and 2020-21 in both the state and Saharsa district. However, the rate of decline in enrolment in Saharsa district was less than 1% compared to 12% at the state level. At the state level, the decline in enrolment is more at the primary level (14%) then the upper primary level (8%). At the district level, enrolment increased by 3.5% at the upper primary level, but fell 2.5% at the primary level. While some of the decline in 2020-21 was on account of Covid-19, the trend shows the decline began even before the pandemic. Figure 1: Enrolment in schools providing MDM 

Each year, a Project Approval Board (PAB) estimates and approves the number of students who are likely to avail of the MDM scheme in institutions that serve these meals. Generally, of the enrolled students, some do not opt for MDM for various reasons. Figure 2 shows the relationship between enrolment in schools that provide MDM, the number of students approved for MDM by the PAB, and the number of students who availed of the MDM scheme.<ul><li>The relationship between the three parameters varies over time and there is no consistent trend.</li><li>On average, 58% of enrolment was approved for MDM at the district level, while the approval rate was 65% at the state level.</li><li>In the last two years, the number of students availing the meal was higher than the number of students approved.</li></ul>Figure 2: Number of students Enrolled, Approved and Availing of MDM<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Number_of_students_Enrolled_Approved_and_Availing_of_MDM_a5017cf11c.png"></figure>Figure 3 shows how many of the students approved for MDM actually availed of the meal.<ul><li>A similar trend is seen at both the district and state levels.</li><li>In the last two years of the study period, a far greater number of students availed of MDM compared to those approved, especially at the state level, indicating a need for better projection of students.</li><li>The number of students availing MDM being more than the number approved in 2020-21 might be due to the fact that in the wake of school closures induced by Covid-19, benefits were provided in Direct Benefit Transfer mode.</li></ul>Figure 3: Number of students availing meals as a percentage of approvals<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Number_of_students_availing_meals_as_a_percentage_of_approvals_3ab91e4f54.png"></figure>

How Many Students were Approved for MDM and How Many Availed it?

Each year, a Project Approval Board (PAB) estimates and approves the number of students who are likely to avail of the MDM scheme in institutions that serve these meals. Generally, of the enrolled students, some do not opt for MDM for various reasons. Figure 2 shows the relationship between enrolment in schools that provide MDM, the number of students approved for MDM by the PAB, and the number of students who availed of the MDM scheme. The relationship between the three parameters varies over time and there is no consistent trend. On average, 58% of enrolment was approved for MDM at the district level, while the approval rate was 65% at the state level. In the last two years, the number of students availing the meal was higher than the number of students approved. Figure 2: Number of students Enrolled, Approved and Availing of MDM Figure 3 shows how many of the students approved for MDM actually availed of the meal. A similar trend is seen at both the district and state levels. In the last two years of the study period, a far greater number of students availed of MDM compared to those approved, especially at the state level, indicating a need for better projection of students. The number of students availing MDM being more than the number approved in 2020-21 might be due to the fact that in the wake of school closures induced by Covid-19, benefits were provided in Direct Benefit Transfer mode. Figure 3: Number of students availing meals as a percentage of approvals 

Under the scheme, there are several components for which funds are made available and spent. These are:<ul><li>Foodgrain cost, which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI)</li><li>Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare meals, except foodgrains</li><li>Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers (CCH)</li><li>Transportation cost of foodgrains</li><li>Expenses on management, monitoring and evaluation (MME)</li><li>Construction of kitchens</li><li>Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment</li></ul>Of these, the first four are regular expenses, while the last two are occasional and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. For these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this factsheet. In all subsequent analyses, total funds available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components.<ul><li>Availability of funds increased 29% from 2017-18 to 2020-21.</li><li>Similarly, total expenditure increased 43% from 2017-18 to 2020-21.</li><li>The total unspent balance continuously decreased from 2017-18 to 2020-21.</li></ul>Figure 4: Funds Available and Expenditure at the District Level (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Funds_Available_and_Expenditure_at_the_District_Level_Rs_lakh_27d30a40a8.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in Total Fund Availability and Expenditure?

Under the scheme, there are several components for which funds are made available and spent. These are: Foodgrain cost, which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI) Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare meals, except foodgrains Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers (CCH) Transportation cost of foodgrains Expenses on management, monitoring and evaluation (MME) Construction of kitchens Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment Of these, the first four are regular expenses, while the last two are occasional and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. For these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this factsheet. In all subsequent analyses, total funds available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components. Availability of funds increased 29% from 2017-18 to 2020-21. Similarly, total expenditure increased 43% from 2017-18 to 2020-21. The total unspent balance continuously decreased from 2017-18 to 2020-21. Figure 4: Funds Available and Expenditure at the District Level (Rs lakh) 

Figure 6 shows a comparison between the district and the state for per capita funding availability and expenditure. Per student expenditure has been calculated as total expenditure (on foodgrains + cooking + honorarium to cook-cum-helpers (HCC) + transportation) divided by the number of students who availed of MDM. Per student funding availability has been calculated as the total available funds divided by the number of students approved for MDM.<ul><li>Per-student expenditure increased continuously, and was higher in Saharsa than in the state.</li><li>Similarly, per student funding availability was higher for the state compared to the district up to 2018-19, before reversing thereafter.</li></ul>Figure 6: Per capita availability of funds and expenditure for Saharsa district and Bihar (Rs)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Per_capita_availability_of_funds_and_expenditure_for_Saharsa_district_and_Bihar_Rs_bd699e6a3d.png"></figure>

Are There Differences in Per-Student Costs Between the State and the District?

Figure 6 shows a comparison between the district and the state for per capita funding availability and expenditure. Per student expenditure has been calculated as total expenditure (on foodgrains + cooking + honorarium to cook-cum-helpers (HCC) + transportation) divided by the number of students who availed of MDM. Per student funding availability has been calculated as the total available funds divided by the number of students approved for MDM. Per-student expenditure increased continuously, and was higher in Saharsa than in the state. Similarly, per student funding availability was higher for the state compared to the district up to 2018-19, before reversing thereafter. Figure 6: Per capita availability of funds and expenditure for Saharsa district and Bihar (Rs) 

Foodgrains for cooking (rice in the case of Saharsa) comes from the Food Corporation of India (FCI), which is reimbursed the cost of the foodgrains. Figure 7 shows the bills raised by FCI and the amount paid, and the utilisation level of foodgrains.<ul><li>Funding availability and expenditure on FCI purchases fluctuated between 2017-18 and 2020-21.</li><li>While the availability of funds is always greater than expenditure, unspent balance decreased by 21% from 2017-18 to 2020-21.</li><li>Utilisation of foodgrains shows an uneven trend, and is unsatisfactory, during the study period at both the state and district levels. It decreased continuously from 2017-18 to 2019-20, but accelerated suddenly in 2020-21 by 67% at the state level and 76% at the district level.</li></ul>Figure 7: Payment of food grain cost to FCI and utilisation<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Payment_of_food_grain_cost_to_FCI_and_utilisation_111b67db74.png"></figure>

What is the Utilisation Level of Funding for Foodgrains?

Foodgrains for cooking (rice in the case of Saharsa) comes from the Food Corporation of India (FCI), which is reimbursed the cost of the foodgrains. Figure 7 shows the bills raised by FCI and the amount paid, and the utilisation level of foodgrains. Funding availability and expenditure on FCI purchases fluctuated between 2017-18 and 2020-21. While the availability of funds is always greater than expenditure, unspent balance decreased by 21% from 2017-18 to 2020-21. Utilisation of foodgrains shows an uneven trend, and is unsatisfactory, during the study period at both the state and district levels. It decreased continuously from 2017-18 to 2019-20, but accelerated suddenly in 2020-21 by 67% at the state level and 76% at the district level. Figure 7: Payment of food grain cost to FCI and utilisation 

Figure 8 shows the allocation and expenditure for cooking in absolute terms, and the utilisation rate for the district compared to the state.<ul><li>Fund availability and expenditure on cooking increased continuously from 2017-18 to 2020-21, at 37% and 54%, respectively. Consequently, the unspent balance decreased.</li><li>Utilisation of funds increased continuously from 2017-18 to 2020-21 at both the state and district levels.</li><li>In 2020-21, total unspent funds amounted to 11% at the district level and 8% at the state level.</li></ul>Figure 8: Utilisation of Cooking Cost Outlay<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Utilisation_of_Cooking_Cost_Outlay_839a5ab42e.png"></figure>

What is the MDM Budget for Cooking?

Figure 8 shows the allocation and expenditure for cooking in absolute terms, and the utilisation rate for the district compared to the state. Fund availability and expenditure on cooking increased continuously from 2017-18 to 2020-21, at 37% and 54%, respectively. Consequently, the unspent balance decreased. Utilisation of funds increased continuously from 2017-18 to 2020-21 at both the state and district levels. In 2020-21, total unspent funds amounted to 11% at the district level and 8% at the state level. Figure 8: Utilisation of Cooking Cost Outlay 

According to the norm, one CCH is required in a school with up to 25 students, two CCHs for a school between 26 and 100 students, and one CCH for every additional 100 students. For 10 months, a CCH will receive an honoraria of Rs 1,000 each month. Figure 9 shows expenditure and availability of funds towards honoraria to CCH and their utilisation at the state and district levels.<ul><li>Funds available were almost the same each year (Rs 416.7 lakh) and a tad lower (Rs 415.3 lakh) in 2020-21.</li><li>However, expenditure fluctuated between 2017-18 and 2020-21, with the lowest being Rs 339.9 lakh.</li><li>Utilisation of funds towards honoraria for CCH has fluctuated. It was higher (87%) in 2019-20 at both the district and state levels.</li></ul>Figure 9: Utilisation of funds for honoraria to cooks-cum-Helpers<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Utilisation_of_funds_for_honoraria_to_cooks_cum_Helpers_8ac2b7329d.png"></figure>

What is the Utilisation Level of Funds Earmarked for Honoraria to be Paid to Cooks-cum-Helpers?

According to the norm, one CCH is required in a school with up to 25 students, two CCHs for a school between 26 and 100 students, and one CCH for every additional 100 students. For 10 months, a CCH will receive an honoraria of Rs 1,000 each month. Figure 9 shows expenditure and availability of funds towards honoraria to CCH and their utilisation at the state and district levels. Funds available were almost the same each year (Rs 416.7 lakh) and a tad lower (Rs 415.3 lakh) in 2020-21. However, expenditure fluctuated between 2017-18 and 2020-21, with the lowest being Rs 339.9 lakh. Utilisation of funds towards honoraria for CCH has fluctuated. It was higher (87%) in 2019-20 at both the district and state levels. Figure 9: Utilisation of funds for honoraria to cooks-cum-Helpers 

According to the norm, transport assistance (TA) is given based on the Public Distribution System rate prevalent in states and union territories for delivery of foodgrains from the nearest FCI godown to the school. In April 2019, the central government changed the TA standards to bring them on par with PDS rates, up to a maximum of Rs 150 per quintal. Figure 10 shows expenditure and availability of funds for transportation and their utilisation at the state and district levels.<ul><li>Fund availability and expenditure on TA fluctuated between 2017-18 and 2020-21.</li><li>Funds available for transportation increased 32% from 2017-18 to 2018-19 and decreased 20% from 2018-19 to 2020-21.</li><li>In contrast, expenditure on transportation decreased 47% from 2017-18 to 2018-19, and increased by an abnormal 83% from 2018-19 to 2020-21.</li><li>This could indicate a higher demand for TA in the coming years.</li><li>Utilisation of transportation funds is more volatile in Saharsa district. It fell from 96% in 2017-18 to 39% in 2018-19, and then rose sharply to 85% in 2019-20.</li><li>In 2019-20, utilisation of transportation funds in Saharsa district improved, and was at the same level (85%) as the state. In 2020-21, only 11% of transportation funds remained unspent at the state level and 14% at the district level.</li></ul>Figure 10: Utilisation of funds for transportation assistance<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Utilisation_of_funds_for_transportation_assistance_430abb6beb.png"></figure>

How was Funding Earmarked for Transportation Assistance Utilised?

According to the norm, transport assistance (TA) is given based on the Public Distribution System rate prevalent in states and union territories for delivery of foodgrains from the nearest FCI godown to the school. In April 2019, the central government changed the TA standards to bring them on par with PDS rates, up to a maximum of Rs 150 per quintal. Figure 10 shows expenditure and availability of funds for transportation and their utilisation at the state and district levels. Fund availability and expenditure on TA fluctuated between 2017-18 and 2020-21. Funds available for transportation increased 32% from 2017-18 to 2018-19 and decreased 20% from 2018-19 to 2020-21. In contrast, expenditure on transportation decreased 47% from 2017-18 to 2018-19, and increased by an abnormal 83% from 2018-19 to 2020-21. This could indicate a higher demand for TA in the coming years. Utilisation of transportation funds is more volatile in Saharsa district. It fell from 96% in 2017-18 to 39% in 2018-19, and then rose sharply to 85% in 2019-20. In 2019-20, utilisation of transportation funds in Saharsa district improved, and was at the same level (85%) as the state. In 2020-21, only 11% of transportation funds remained unspent at the state level and 14% at the district level. Figure 10: Utilisation of funds for transportation assistance 

Given the importance of MDM scheme in providing nutrition, and helping increase enrolment and hence education of students, data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 9 lists essential data points/information regarding MDM that will be useful to various stakeholders. The current level of information available has been evaluated for these indicators.The data points /information regarding MDM have/has been taken from the Annual Work Plan and Budget Meeting Documents (AWB&amp;PM) for the years from 2017-18 to 2020-21. These documents were accessed at https://pmposhan.education.gov.in/.Transparency and Accountability ParametersAvailability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds available<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on funds utilized<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on number of students enrolled<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on number of students availing MDM<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Information on number of meals served<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data<ul><li>No</li></ul> Caste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data<ul><li>Yes</li></ul> Geographical Granularity of the fiscal indicator<ul><li>District-wise</li></ul> Information on number of schools<ul><li>Yes</li></ul>Accessibility Language in which information is available<ul><li>English</li></ul> Compatibility on devices<ul><li>Phone, tablet, laptop friendly</li></ul>Timeliness How frequently are data updated?<ul><li>Real-Time</li></ul>Relevance How relevant would users find it<ul><li>The data available in the MDM website can be used by researchers, scholars and policy makers. While the information on the website is vast, further disaggregation of data based on gender can help understand the ways MDM affects education and the nutritional status of girl children.</li></ul>Reliability Are the data reliable?<ul><li>CAG audit reports are not available on the MDM website, hence authenticating the data with MIS and ground verification is essential.</li></ul>Accountability and Citizen’s Participation Social Audit schedules<ul><li>Social auditing is mandated for all districts.</li><li>While the account for the number of schools covered, organisations/institutions conducting the audit and expenditure is available, the reports on the website are not up to date for all the states and years.</li></ul> Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries<ul><li>Contact details to lodge complaints are listed on the website for every state.</li><li>Details on the number of complaints, status of complaints and action taken are also available.</li><li>States follow different mechanisms for grievance redressal.</li></ul>

Where does Saharsa Stand on Information Available for MDM?

Given the importance of MDM scheme in providing nutrition, and helping increase enrolment and hence education of students, data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 9 lists essential data points/information regarding MDM that will be useful to various stakeholders. The current level of information available has been evaluated for these indicators. The data points /information regarding MDM have/has been taken from the Annual Work Plan and Budget Meeting Documents (AWB&PM) for the years from 2017-18 to 2020-21. These documents were accessed at https://pmposhan.education.gov.in/. Transparency and Accountability Parameters Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness  Information on funds available Yes  Information on funds utilized Yes  Information on number of students enrolled Yes  Information on number of students availing MDM Yes  Information on number of meals served Yes  Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data No  Caste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data Yes  Geographical Granularity of the fiscal indicator District-wise  Information on number of schools Yes Accessibility  Language in which information is available English  Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly Timeliness  How frequently are data updated? Real-Time Relevance  How relevant would users find it The data available in the MDM website can be used by researchers, scholars and policy makers. While the information on the website is vast, further disaggregation of data based on gender can help understand the ways MDM affects education and the nutritional status of girl children. Reliability  Are the data reliable? CAG audit reports are not available on the MDM website, hence authenticating the data with MIS and ground verification is essential. Accountability and Citizen’s Participation  Social Audit schedules Social auditing is mandated for all districts. While the account for the number of schools covered, organisations/institutions conducting the audit and expenditure is available, the reports on the website are not up to date for all the states and years.  Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries Contact details to lodge complaints are listed on the website for every state. Details on the number of complaints, status of complaints and action taken are also available. States follow different mechanisms for grievance redressal. 

Figure 5 shows the share of funds available for each of the four components.<ul><li>The largest share of expenditure went towards meeting cooking costs—80.6% of the amount spent over the four years.</li><li>The smallest share of funds available was for transport—2% over these four years combined.</li><li>The share of cooking cost rose continuously over the four-year period studied. This was mainly because, in absolute terms, funding available to other three components remained at similar levels.</li></ul>Figure 5: Component-wise expenditure (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Component_wise_expenditure_f274348049.png"></figure>

What is the Breakup of Funds Across the Four Components?

Figure 5 shows the share of funds available for each of the four components. The largest share of expenditure went towards meeting cooking costs—80.6% of the amount spent over the four years. The smallest share of funds available was for transport—2% over these four years combined. The share of cooking cost rose continuously over the four-year period studied. This was mainly because, in absolute terms, funding available to other three components remained at similar levels. Figure 5: Component-wise expenditure (%) 

The budgetary allocation for Saharsa and the total funds received remained almost constant over 2018-19 and 2019-20. The total pool of funds available for Saharsa increased from Rs 85 crore in 2018-19 to Rs 94 crore in 2019-20 (Figure 1). This indicates a greater pool of funds was available for spending by the district to improve various health outcomes prior to the pandemic year itself.Figure 1: Availability of Funds under NHM for Saharsa (Rs crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Availability_of_Funds_under_NHM_for_Saharsa_Rs_crore_aba90b36a5.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in NHM Budgetary Allocation to the District?

The budgetary allocation for Saharsa and the total funds received remained almost constant over 2018-19 and 2019-20. The total pool of funds available for Saharsa increased from Rs 85 crore in 2018-19 to Rs 94 crore in 2019-20 (Figure 1). This indicates a greater pool of funds was available for spending by the district to improve various health outcomes prior to the pandemic year itself. Figure 1: Availability of Funds under NHM for Saharsa (Rs crore) 

<ul><li>• While the allocation to the district has remained constant, spending increased by around 13% in 2019-20 across different health institutions in the district (Figure 2), translating into a better utilisation rate.</li><li>The flow of funds has occurred significantly from the district health society to various actors at the Block/PHC level. However, there’s only a marginal increase at the sub-district level, suggesting that proper attention has not been paid to address various health issues at the primary level in spite of availability and timely disbursal of funds in the past two years.</li></ul>Figure 2: Utilisation of Funds under NHM in Saharsa (Rs crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Utilisation_of_Funds_under_NHM_in_Saharsa_Rs_crore_02461cfe71.png"></figure><ul><li>The extent of funds utilised out of the total funds received during the year has been better for Saharsa subdivision (which consists of 7 blocks/PHCs, including Saharsa District Hospital) vis-à-vis the district average, as compared to the Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision (which consists of 3 blocks/PHCs) in the last two years (Figure 3).</li></ul>Figure 3: Block-wise Extent of Funds Utilised out of Total Funds Received During the Year in Saharsa (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Block_wise_Extent_of_Funds_Utilised_out_of_Total_Funds_Received_During_the_Year_in_Saharsa_2291086aff.png"></figure><ul><li>Figure 3 also shows a significant variance in fund utilisation by PHCs at the block level. Six of the 10 PHCs exceeded the district average in 2018-19, which decreased to only 4 in 2019-20. Such under-utilisation of funds at the sub-district level in Saharsa may adversely impact the achievement of primary healthcare outcomes in the district.</li><li>Analysing the component-wise utilisation rate in Saharsa, a very low share of the overall fund disbursal occurs from the District Health Society (DHS) to various implementing agencies under NHM. This has resulted in a low utilisation rate of funds vis-à-vis PHCs at the block level.</li><li>Among implementing agencies, the highest utilisation rate was for the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in 2018-19, which though declined considerably in 2019-20. Although RCH is a significant component of NHM, its fund utilisation was the lowest across both years. This indicates the district administration has yet to prioritise maternal and child healthcare, which has been done somewhat in 2019-20 (Figure 4).</li></ul>Figure 4: Extent of Funds Utilised out of Total Funds Received During the Year by Implementing Agencies under NHM in Saharsa (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Extent_of_Funds_Utilised_out_of_Total_Funds_Received_During_the_Year_by_Implementing_Agencies_under_NHM_in_Saharsa_a99d43c31d.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in Utilization of NHM Funds in the District?

• While the allocation to the district has remained constant, spending increased by around 13% in 2019-20 across different health institutions in the district (Figure 2), translating into a better utilisation rate. The flow of funds has occurred significantly from the district health society to various actors at the Block/PHC level. However, there’s only a marginal increase at the sub-district level, suggesting that proper attention has not been paid to address various health issues at the primary level in spite of availability and timely disbursal of funds in the past two years. Figure 2: Utilisation of Funds under NHM in Saharsa (Rs crore) The extent of funds utilised out of the total funds received during the year has been better for Saharsa subdivision (which consists of 7 blocks/PHCs, including Saharsa District Hospital) vis-à-vis the district average, as compared to the Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision (which consists of 3 blocks/PHCs) in the last two years (Figure 3). Figure 3: Block-wise Extent of Funds Utilised out of Total Funds Received During the Year in Saharsa (%) Figure 3 also shows a significant variance in fund utilisation by PHCs at the block level. Six of the 10 PHCs exceeded the district average in 2018-19, which decreased to only 4 in 2019-20. Such under-utilisation of funds at the sub-district level in Saharsa may adversely impact the achievement of primary healthcare outcomes in the district. Analysing the component-wise utilisation rate in Saharsa, a very low share of the overall fund disbursal occurs from the District Health Society (DHS) to various implementing agencies under NHM. This has resulted in a low utilisation rate of funds vis-à-vis PHCs at the block level. Among implementing agencies, the highest utilisation rate was for the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in 2018-19, which though declined considerably in 2019-20. Although RCH is a significant component of NHM, its fund utilisation was the lowest across both years. This indicates the district administration has yet to prioritise maternal and child healthcare, which has been done somewhat in 2019-20 (Figure 4). Figure 4: Extent of Funds Utilised out of Total Funds Received During the Year by Implementing Agencies under NHM in Saharsa (%) 

NHM has 18 sub-components under which allocations are made to cater to the needs of different sections of the population in a holistic manner and ensure last-mile service delivery by strengthening the overall health infrastructure in the country. These are: (1) Service Delivery (Facility Based), (2) Service Delivery (Community Based), (3) Community Interventions, (4) Untied Funds, (5) Infrastructure, (6) Procurement, (7) Referral Transport, (8) Human Resources, (9) Training and Capacity Building, (10) Review, Research, Surveillance and Surveys, (11) Information Education Communication (IEC)/Behaviour Communication Change (BCC), (12) Printing, (13) Quality Assurance, (14) Drug Warehousing and Logistics, (15) Public-Private Partnership (PPP), (16) Programme Management, (17) IT Initiatives for strengthening Service Delivery and (18) Innovations (if any).A detailed analysis of PIPs and RoPs of Saharsa shows the major chunk of allocation over the years has gone to facility-based service delivery, community interventions and procurement (Figure 5). The two components of programme management and infrastructure need a substantial hike in allocation vis-à-vis other components to ensure effective service delivery for the people in Saharsa.&nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 5: Share of Budgetary Allocation for Saharsa under Major Sub-Components of NHM (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Share_of_Budgetary_Allocation_for_Saharsa_under_Major_Sub_Components_of_NHM_455635aac0.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in Budgetary Allocation Under Different Components of NHM for the District? 

NHM has 18 sub-components under which allocations are made to cater to the needs of different sections of the population in a holistic manner and ensure last-mile service delivery by strengthening the overall health infrastructure in the country. These are: (1) Service Delivery (Facility Based), (2) Service Delivery (Community Based), (3) Community Interventions, (4) Untied Funds, (5) Infrastructure, (6) Procurement, (7) Referral Transport, (8) Human Resources, (9) Training and Capacity Building, (10) Review, Research, Surveillance and Surveys, (11) Information Education Communication (IEC)/Behaviour Communication Change (BCC), (12) Printing, (13) Quality Assurance, (14) Drug Warehousing and Logistics, (15) Public-Private Partnership (PPP), (16) Programme Management, (17) IT Initiatives for strengthening Service Delivery and (18) Innovations (if any). A detailed analysis of PIPs and RoPs of Saharsa shows the major chunk of allocation over the years has gone to facility-based service delivery, community interventions and procurement (Figure 5). The two components of programme management and infrastructure need a substantial hike in allocation vis-à-vis other components to ensure effective service delivery for the people in Saharsa. Figure 5: Share of Budgetary Allocation for Saharsa under Major Sub-Components of NHM (%) 

<ul><li>Institutional Deliveries: Maternal healthcare is majorly dependent on availability and accessibility of public health facilities in Saharsa. Deliveries at public health facilities in Saharsa exceed the state average and have been increasing. This share is even higher for public health facilities that grant financial assistance to mothers under the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) of NHM (Figure 6). This has been achieved possibly due to the higher spending rate by the RCH office in 2019-20.</li></ul>Figure 6: Institutional Deliveries in Saharsa (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Institutional_Deliveries_in_Saharsa_afd1a9acb9.png"></figure><ul><li>Incidence and Safety of Home Deliveries: Figure 7 shows that in spite of adequate public provisioning to facilitate institutional deliveries, a considerable share of pregnant women in Saharsa preferred home deliveries to institutional deliveries. However, a very low share of such home deliveries are attended by Skilled Birth Attendants (SBA), increasing the risk of mortality/other complications due to unsafe home deliveries. Thus, adequate provisioning of resources to facilitate safe home deliveries is required.</li></ul>Figure 7: Incidence and Safety of Home Deliveries in Saharsa<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Incidence_and_Safety_of_Home_Deliveries_in_Saharsa_be98e3bbac.png"></figure><ul><li>Treatment of anemia: As per HMIS (2019-20) data, only 21.3% severely anaemic pregnant women in Saharsa received treatment at public health facilities, as compared to 38.9% in Bihar. Thus, adequate provisioning for anaemic women should be prioritised under the RCH component of NHM.</li></ul>

How has the District Performed in Maternal Healthcare?

Institutional Deliveries: Maternal healthcare is majorly dependent on availability and accessibility of public health facilities in Saharsa. Deliveries at public health facilities in Saharsa exceed the state average and have been increasing. This share is even higher for public health facilities that grant financial assistance to mothers under the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) of NHM (Figure 6). This has been achieved possibly due to the higher spending rate by the RCH office in 2019-20. Figure 6: Institutional Deliveries in Saharsa (%) Incidence and Safety of Home Deliveries: Figure 7 shows that in spite of adequate public provisioning to facilitate institutional deliveries, a considerable share of pregnant women in Saharsa preferred home deliveries to institutional deliveries. However, a very low share of such home deliveries are attended by Skilled Birth Attendants (SBA), increasing the risk of mortality/other complications due to unsafe home deliveries. Thus, adequate provisioning of resources to facilitate safe home deliveries is required. Figure 7: Incidence and Safety of Home Deliveries in Saharsa Treatment of anemia: As per HMIS (2019-20) data, only 21.3% severely anaemic pregnant women in Saharsa received treatment at public health facilities, as compared to 38.9% in Bihar. Thus, adequate provisioning for anaemic women should be prioritised under the RCH component of NHM. 

<ul><li>Family planning measures adopted by women: As per NFHS (2015-16), Saharsa had a higher share of women (28.4%) than the state (23.3%) who used any modern method of contraception. Further, this improved in 2019-20 due to higher utilization of funds under the RCH component of NHM. Yet, there existed an overall ‘unmet need’ for family planning of 16.7% in Saharsa as compared to 13.6% in Bihar in 2019-20 (NFHS-5; 2019-21), for which appropriate allocations need to be made.</li><li>Role of ASHA in promoting family planning measures among women:&nbsp; As per NFHS, around 22% female non-users were contacted by health workers (ASHAs) in 2019-20 as compared to 18% in 2015-16. These figures are above the state average (12% in 2015-16 and 20% in 2019-20). This shows that ASHAs have played a key role in promoting family planning measures in the district. This can be attributed to the priority given to the allocation for ASHA incentives under the following awareness programmes: Mission Parivaar Vikas (MPV) Campaign, Ensuring Spacing at Birth (ESB) Scheme and Antara Programme over the past few years.</li></ul>

How has the District Performed in Family Planning?

Family planning measures adopted by women: As per NFHS (2015-16), Saharsa had a higher share of women (28.4%) than the state (23.3%) who used any modern method of contraception. Further, this improved in 2019-20 due to higher utilization of funds under the RCH component of NHM. Yet, there existed an overall ‘unmet need’ for family planning of 16.7% in Saharsa as compared to 13.6% in Bihar in 2019-20 (NFHS-5; 2019-21), for which appropriate allocations need to be made. Role of ASHA in promoting family planning measures among women: As per NFHS, around 22% female non-users were contacted by health workers (ASHAs) in 2019-20 as compared to 18% in 2015-16. These figures are above the state average (12% in 2015-16 and 20% in 2019-20). This shows that ASHAs have played a key role in promoting family planning measures in the district. This can be attributed to the priority given to the allocation for ASHA incentives under the following awareness programmes: Mission Parivaar Vikas (MPV) Campaign, Ensuring Spacing at Birth (ESB) Scheme and Antara Programme over the past few years. 

<ul><li>New-born and infant care: As per NFHS, breastfeeding practices for children under 3 years of age (within one hour of birth) increased significantly for the district from 26% in 2015-16 to 38% in 2019-20. The corresponding state averages were 35% and 31%, respectively. This improvement in district performance follows the increase in fund utilisation under the RCH programme and facilitated through the Mothers Absolute Affection (MAA) Programme over the past few years.</li><li>Incidence of malnutrition: Figure 8 shows the incidence of malnutrition is very high for both Saharsa and Bihar during the last few years, especially among stunted and underweight cases. Fund allocation needs to be prioritised under the RCH Programme in the district.</li></ul>Figure 8: Incidence of Malnutrition in Saharsa (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Incidence_of_Malnutrition_in_Saharsa_5d066ca3a1.png"></figure><ul><li>Child Immunisation: Saharsa has done better in child immunization than in other health indicators, bettering the state average in both 2015-16 and 2019-20 (Figure 9). A greater number of sessions were held across the district, and most children (age 12-23 months) received their vaccinations in public health facilities (98.8% in Saharsa as compared to 96.6% in Bihar in NFHS-5: 2019-20). The above could be possible because of enhanced support and initiatives by the district administration towards child immunization programmes. However, the concern lies in the decreased share in 2019-20.</li></ul>Figure 9: Share of Children (12-23 Months) Covered by All Basic Vaccinations in Saharsa (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Share_of_Children_12_23_Months_Covered_by_All_Basic_Vaccinations_in_Saharsa_9973138479.png"></figure><ul><li>Treatment of common diseases among infants and children: A marked improvement can be seen in the treatment of childhood diseases such as diarrhea (47.6% in 2015-16 to 71.3% in 2019-20) and fever (64.9% in 2015-16 to 75.5% in 2019-20) for children under 5 years of age in the district who were taken to nearby public health facilities, which is way above the state average. This improvement has been seen due to the high rate of utilisation of funds under the District Malaria Officer (DMO) in the district over the past two years.</li></ul>

How has the District Performed in Neo-Natal, Infant, Child and Adolescent Health?

New-born and infant care: As per NFHS, breastfeeding practices for children under 3 years of age (within one hour of birth) increased significantly for the district from 26% in 2015-16 to 38% in 2019-20. The corresponding state averages were 35% and 31%, respectively. This improvement in district performance follows the increase in fund utilisation under the RCH programme and facilitated through the Mothers Absolute Affection (MAA) Programme over the past few years. Incidence of malnutrition: Figure 8 shows the incidence of malnutrition is very high for both Saharsa and Bihar during the last few years, especially among stunted and underweight cases. Fund allocation needs to be prioritised under the RCH Programme in the district. Figure 8: Incidence of Malnutrition in Saharsa (%) Child Immunisation: Saharsa has done better in child immunization than in other health indicators, bettering the state average in both 2015-16 and 2019-20 (Figure 9). A greater number of sessions were held across the district, and most children (age 12-23 months) received their vaccinations in public health facilities (98.8% in Saharsa as compared to 96.6% in Bihar in NFHS-5: 2019-20). The above could be possible because of enhanced support and initiatives by the district administration towards child immunization programmes. However, the concern lies in the decreased share in 2019-20. Figure 9: Share of Children (12-23 Months) Covered by All Basic Vaccinations in Saharsa (%) Treatment of common diseases among infants and children: A marked improvement can be seen in the treatment of childhood diseases such as diarrhea (47.6% in 2015-16 to 71.3% in 2019-20) and fever (64.9% in 2015-16 to 75.5% in 2019-20) for children under 5 years of age in the district who were taken to nearby public health facilities, which is way above the state average. This improvement has been seen due to the high rate of utilisation of funds under the District Malaria Officer (DMO) in the district over the past two years. 

<ul><li>Although fund utilisation was quite high under the RNTCP cell in 2018-19, the annual notification rate of TB cases has been only around 50% in Saharsa (Annual TB Report 2018). This indicates that funds have not been utilised efficiently to ensure effective case management of TB patients.</li><li>A major concern related to non-communicable diseases has been the high consumption of tobacco by men, which is around 55%, as per NFHS (2019-21). Yet, there’s no focused action towards prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the district, as is evident from nil budget utilization in 2019-20 as compared to around 62% in 2018-19.</li></ul>

How has the District Performed in Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases?

Although fund utilisation was quite high under the RNTCP cell in 2018-19, the annual notification rate of TB cases has been only around 50% in Saharsa (Annual TB Report 2018). This indicates that funds have not been utilised efficiently to ensure effective case management of TB patients. A major concern related to non-communicable diseases has been the high consumption of tobacco by men, which is around 55%, as per NFHS (2019-21). Yet, there’s no focused action towards prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the district, as is evident from nil budget utilization in 2019-20 as compared to around 62% in 2018-19. 

The present factsheet has used data/information provided in the State Programme Implementation Plans (SPIPs) and Records of Proceedings (RoPs) for 2018-19 and 2019-20. For outcome indicators, data has been sourced from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for 2015-16 and 2019-21, and from Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports for 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20.Given the importance of NHM in providing affordable healthcare to a large section of the populace, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 11 lists essential NHM data points/information that are useful to various stakeholders for Saharsa. Hence, their availability and accessibility would be useful. The current level of information available has been evaluated as under:Transparency and Accountability IndexAvailability of Information and ComprehensivenessInformation on funds availableYesInformation on funds utilizedYesInformation on eligible beneficiaries under various sub-components of NHMYesGender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary dataNoCaste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary dataNoGeographical granularity of the fiscal indicatorFund availability: Available Block/PHC-wise and component-wiseExpenditure of funds: Available only Block/PHC-wise and not component-wiseInformation on number of PHCs/DH/SDHYesAccessibilityLanguage in which information is availableEnglish onlyCompatibility on devicesPhone, tablet, laptop friendlyTimelinessHow frequently is data updated?YearlyRelevanceHow relevant would users find it?(i) Fiscal information pertaining to the budget approved/allocated is extensively available in state/district PIPs and RoPs for various years by components, but it is not aligned with the geographical granularity of the district. Expenditure data for various years is available only by geography and component, making it difficult to arrive at an aggregate picture of health sector spending in the district.(ii) Data sources pertaining to various health outcomes, such as NFHS and HMIS, are quite extensive in their coverage and in providing adequate information in the public domain.ReliabilityIs the data reliable?Relevant audit reports are not available on the NHM website. Hence, reliability of data has remained an issue.Accountability and Citizens' ParticipationAvailability of information on social auditProvisions for the same are not available on the NHM website.Availability of information on grievance redressalProvisions for the same are not available on the NHM website.

Where does the District Stand on Information Available for NHM?

The present factsheet has used data/information provided in the State Programme Implementation Plans (SPIPs) and Records of Proceedings (RoPs) for 2018-19 and 2019-20. For outcome indicators, data has been sourced from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for 2015-16 and 2019-21, and from Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports for 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. Given the importance of NHM in providing affordable healthcare to a large section of the populace, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 11 lists essential NHM data points/information that are useful to various stakeholders for Saharsa. Hence, their availability and accessibility would be useful. The current level of information available has been evaluated as under: Transparency and Accountability Index Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds available Yes Information on funds utilized Yes Information on eligible beneficiaries under various sub-components of NHM Yes Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data No Caste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data No Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator Fund availability: Available Block/PHC-wise and component-wise Expenditure of funds: Available only Block/PHC-wise and not component-wise Information on number of PHCs/DH/SDH Yes Accessibility Language in which information is available English only Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly Timeliness How frequently is data updated? Yearly Relevance How relevant would users find it? (i) Fiscal information pertaining to the budget approved/allocated is extensively available in state/district PIPs and RoPs for various years by components, but it is not aligned with the geographical granularity of the district. Expenditure data for various years is available only by geography and component, making it difficult to arrive at an aggregate picture of health sector spending in the district. (ii) Data sources pertaining to various health outcomes, such as NFHS and HMIS, are quite extensive in their coverage and in providing adequate information in the public domain. Reliability Is the data reliable? Relevant audit reports are not available on the NHM website. Hence, reliability of data has remained an issue. Accountability and Citizens' Participation Availability of information on social audit Provisions for the same are not available on the NHM website. Availability of information on grievance redressal Provisions for the same are not available on the NHM website. 

<ul><li>Although overall utilisation has increased in the last two years, it’s highly uneven across blocks/PHCs in the district, adversely impacting key health outcomes in the district. This might have occurred due to inefficient allocation of resources to human resources, physical infrastructure, and procurement of drugs and equipment under various components of NHM.</li><li>Saharsa has been a priority district in terms of allocation of funds under NHM, especially in the pre-pandemic years. However, unavailability of corresponding expenditure data at the granular level (both geography-wise and component-wise) has severely limited a comprehensive analysis of public provisioning vis-à-vis health outcomes in both pre- and post-pandemic years.</li><li>Some areas where the district has performed fairly well are child healthcare and treatment of childhood diseases, child immunisation, facilitating of institutional deliveries and institutional sterilisation.</li><li>However, high incidence of anaemia among pregnant women and malnutrition among children are areas that require high budgetary priority to achieve overall welfare of vulnerable sections such as children and women in the district.</li><li>Besides the above, more funds should be allocated towards capacity building of health workers and expanding and equipping public health institutions with state-of-the-art facilities in the district so as to further improve health outcomes in the district.</li></ul>

Key Takeaways

Although overall utilisation has increased in the last two years, it’s highly uneven across blocks/PHCs in the district, adversely impacting key health outcomes in the district. This might have occurred due to inefficient allocation of resources to human resources, physical infrastructure, and procurement of drugs and equipment under various components of NHM. Saharsa has been a priority district in terms of allocation of funds under NHM, especially in the pre-pandemic years. However, unavailability of corresponding expenditure data at the granular level (both geography-wise and component-wise) has severely limited a comprehensive analysis of public provisioning vis-à-vis health outcomes in both pre- and post-pandemic years. Some areas where the district has performed fairly well are child healthcare and treatment of childhood diseases, child immunisation, facilitating of institutional deliveries and institutional sterilisation. However, high incidence of anaemia among pregnant women and malnutrition among children are areas that require high budgetary priority to achieve overall welfare of vulnerable sections such as children and women in the district. Besides the above, more funds should be allocated towards capacity building of health workers and expanding and equipping public health institutions with state-of-the-art facilities in the district so as to further improve health outcomes in the district. 

Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh)

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Barabanki_Some_Important_Indicators_81a01692ca.png"></figure>

MGNREGS_Barabanki_data.xlsx

MGNREGS_Barabanki.pdf

Barabanki lies in the central plains and occupies a central place in the Middle Ganga Plain. It consists of 15 blocks.

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_8aca6faeeb.png"></figure>

NHM_Barabanki_data.xlsx

NHM_Barabanki.pdf

Barabanki lies in the central part of the Middle Ganga Plain. It consists of 15 blocks. While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, major industries in the region include spinning and agro-based units.

National Health Mission (NHM) is a flagship programme of the Government of India, launched in 2005. It has two sub-missions subsumed under it: the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). 

PMAYG_Barabanki_data.xlsx

PMAY_Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh).pdf

PMAY-G: Some Important Facts&nbsp; The scheme provides financial assistance for constructing pucca houses for the rural poor. Under the scheme, the minimum size of the house is 25 square meters with a hygienic cooking space. According to the scheme, 60 percent of national-level targets of pucca houses are earmarked for SCs and STs. Within the earmarked targets of houses at country level, the proportion of SC/ST beneficiaries is to be decided from time to time by the respective States/UTs. Further, as far as possible, 15 percent of total houses at the national level is to be allocated for minorities.<figure class="table" style="text-align:center;"><table style="border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">S. No.</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Indicator</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Details</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">1</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Ministry</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Ministry of Rural Development</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">2</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Benefits under the scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;"><ul><li>Monetary assistance is provided for constructing a pucca house of minimum 25 square meters. The amount is Rs 1.3 lakh for hilly or difficult areas and Rs 1.2 lakh in plain areas. Barabanki district which falls in the latter category receives Rs 1.2 lakh in assistance per unit. The amount is provided in three instalments.&nbsp;</li><li>Beneficiaries can additionally get:</li><li>90/95 person days of unskilled labour wages under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) for house construction.&nbsp;</li><li>Rs.12,000/ for constructing a toilet under Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)</li><li>Loan up to Rs.70,000 from financial institutions.&nbsp;</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">3</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">How Beneficiaries are selected</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Beneficiaries are selected using housing deprivation parameters as per the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC), 2011.&nbsp;Beneficiaries are houseless or households living in zero, one or two- roomed houses with kutcha walls and kutcha roofs. A priority list is prepared based on criteria such as houselessness and the number of rooms, category (ST, SC, minorities and Others), households with no adult member, female-headed households with no male adult member, households with no literate adult, households with no able-bodied adult member, and landless households with casual labour.&nbsp;Each household is assigned a score based on these factors. Next, this list is verified by the local governance unit (Gram Sabhas). In case the scores for two or more households are equal, further criteria is used to determine the score. Finally, if scores still match, Gram Sabhas must rank the household and provide a rationale for their decision.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In case a household is not included in the SECC or in the priority list, the Gram Sabha can prepare a separate list and send it to designated officers.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">4</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Funding of the Scheme</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">PMAY-G is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).&nbsp; The scheme receives funding from the Union Government as well as the State Government in the following ratios:<figure class="table" style="float:left;"><table style="border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;border-top:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">&nbsp;</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">Ratio - Centre: State/UT</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">States/ UTs with Legislature</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">60:40</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">North-East/ Himalayan states</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">90:10</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">UTs without Legislature</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0pt 5.75pt;">100:0</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> &nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">5</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;">Fund Flow Mechanism</td><td style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-left:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-right:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;border-top:0.5pt solid #bfbfbf;padding:5pt;"><ul><li style="text-align:justify;">The components of PMAY_G expense flow as depicted in the figure below</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Fund_Flow_under_PMAY_G_ca9cdafc0e.png"></figure>

Barabanki is located in the central plains of India and is an important part of the Middle Ganga Plain. The district comprises of 15 blocks. The district is mainly dependent on agriculture while other major industries include spinning and agro-based units.

PMAY-G is a flagship programme of the Government of India. It is the country’s largest public housing programme and aims to provide ‘Housing for All’ by 2022.

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_district_profile_ac14351602.png"></figure>

MDM_Barabanki_data.xlsx

MDM_Barabanki.pdf

Barabanki lies in the central part of the Middle Ganga Plain. It consists of 15 blocks. While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, major industries in the region include spinning and agro-based units. 

While the district is mainly dependent on agriculture, some of the major industries in Barabanki include spinning and agro-based units. Around one-fourth of the population in Barabanki is Scheduled Castes.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Modal_window_1_District_Profile_8474709402.png"></figure>

ICDS_Barabanki_data.xlsx

ICDS_Barabanki.pdf

The ICDS scheme provides six services: supplementary nutrition, pre-school and non-formal education, nutrition and health education, immunisation, health check-ups and referral services. Anganwadi centres are responsible for delivering the scheme’s services at the ground level.<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/ICDS_Modal_window_2_image_1_ICDS_Some_Important_Facts_29104d65eb.png"></figure><figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/ICDS_Modal_window_2_image_2_Fund_Flow_under_ICDS_28bcbc50f0.png"></figure>

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is a flagship scheme of the government. It was launched in 1975 with the objective of providing early childhood care and development to children. However, it has since expanded in scope, and now caters to children (age 0-6 years), pregnant and lactating mothers, and adolescent girls

thumbnail_Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh).png

Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh).png

small_barabanki.png

thumbnail_barabanki.png

barabanki.png

The scheme was launched in FY 2016-17 by restructuring the Indira Awaas Yojana. Under the current scheme, states set targets for the number of beneficiaries per district. Eligible beneficiaries can register themselves with implementing agencies. A house is sanctioned once eligibility is verified. Next, beneficiaries’ bank accounts are verified, and the entire amount is deposited in instalments in the bank accounts of beneficiaries. Figure 1 shows aggregate level indicators for Barabanki district from the scheme’s beginning (FY 2016-17) till the end of the FY 2021-22.Figure 1: An Overview of Beneficiaries from 2016-17 to 2021-22<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/PMAY_Barabanki_Figure_1_Overview_of_Beneficiaries_from_FY_2016_17_till_the_end_of_FY_2021_22_060608ad24.png"></figure><ul><li>Registrations have been more than the number of targets, which likely indicates that either people outside the eligible beneficiaries list also got registered, or there might have been duplications.</li><li>Of the total targets, 99.7% of beneficiaries have had their houses sanctioned.</li><li>Of the total sanctioned houses, 98.9% of houses have been completed.</li></ul>

How has PMAY-G performed in the district?

The scheme was launched in FY 2016-17 by restructuring the Indira Awaas Yojana. Under the current scheme, states set targets for the number of beneficiaries per district. Eligible beneficiaries can register themselves with implementing agencies. A house is sanctioned once eligibility is verified. Next, beneficiaries’ bank accounts are verified, and the entire amount is deposited in instalments in the bank accounts of beneficiaries. Figure 1 shows aggregate level indicators for Barabanki district from the scheme’s beginning (FY 2016-17) till the end of the FY 2021-22. Figure 1: An Overview of Beneficiaries from 2016-17 to 2021-22 Registrations have been more than the number of targets, which likely indicates that either people outside the eligible beneficiaries list also got registered, or there might have been duplications. Of the total targets, 99.7% of beneficiaries have had their houses sanctioned. Of the total sanctioned houses, 98.9% of houses have been completed. 

Utilisation is measured as the expenditure made out of the total funds available, which, in turn, is the sum of the opening balance and funds received during the financial year. Figure 5 shows the utilisation rates for the district and the state.<ul><li>The fund utilisation of Barabanki exceeded that of the state in all years except 2020-21.</li><li>Both the district and the state saw fund utilisation drop in 2019-20.&nbsp; The main reason appears to be a bigger gap between the number of days for which meals were approved and the number of days on which meals were served.&nbsp; In 2018-19, these figures were 244 days and 249 days, respectively. In 2019-20, they were 189 days and 169 days, respectively.</li><li>In absolute terms, both the district and the state saw expenditure fall in 2019-20, but the high level of utilisation in the district is due to the relatively greater fall in funds available.</li></ul>Figure 5: Rate of Fund Utilisation at District and State level (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Rate_of_Fund_Utilisation_at_District_and_State_level_bc78629912.png"></figure>

How Does the District Compare with the State on Fund Utilisation? 

Utilisation is measured as the expenditure made out of the total funds available, which, in turn, is the sum of the opening balance and funds received during the financial year. Figure 5 shows the utilisation rates for the district and the state. The fund utilisation of Barabanki exceeded that of the state in all years except 2020-21. Both the district and the state saw fund utilisation drop in 2019-20. The main reason appears to be a bigger gap between the number of days for which meals were approved and the number of days on which meals were served. In 2018-19, these figures were 244 days and 249 days, respectively. In 2019-20, they were 189 days and 169 days, respectively. In absolute terms, both the district and the state saw expenditure fall in 2019-20, but the high level of utilisation in the district is due to the relatively greater fall in funds available. Figure 5: Rate of Fund Utilisation at District and State level (%) 

ICDS is a community-based programme targeted at children of 0-6 years of age, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating mothers. The primary objective of the scheme is to improve the health, nutrition and educational status of the target community. Figure 1 shows how nutritional indicators related to children, adolescent girls and maternal health have changed between 2015-16 and 2019-21.<ul><li>While the share of stunted and underweight children reduced, the remaining four indicators have worsened during this period.</li><li>Anaemia in all three population groups targeted by the scheme has increased.</li></ul>Figure 1: Performance of Barabanki in select nutritional indicators (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Performance_of_Barabanki_in_select_nutritional_indicators_2c5710d8a7.png"></figure>

How has the district performed on nutritional indicators between 2015-16 and 2020-21?

ICDS is a community-based programme targeted at children of 0-6 years of age, adolescent girls, and pregnant and lactating mothers. The primary objective of the scheme is to improve the health, nutrition and educational status of the target community. Figure 1 shows how nutritional indicators related to children, adolescent girls and maternal health have changed between 2015-16 and 2019-21. While the share of stunted and underweight children reduced, the remaining four indicators have worsened during this period. Anaemia in all three population groups targeted by the scheme has increased. Figure 1: Performance of Barabanki in select nutritional indicators (%) 

Given the importance of NHM in providing affordable healthcare to a large section of the populace, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 13 lists essential NHM data points/information that are useful to various stakeholders for Barabanki. Hence, their availability and accessibility would be useful.&nbsp;Transparency and Accountability IndexAvailability of Information and ComprehensivenessInformation on funds availableYes; Information about availability of funds is available in PIP but some indicators such as opening balance, funds released, funds refunded and closing balance is compiled from RTI.Information on funds utilizedYesInformation on eligible beneficiaries under various sub-components of NHMYesGender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary dataNoCaste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary dataNoGeographical granularity of the fiscal indicatorFund availability: Available Block/PHC-wise and component-wiseExpenditure of funds: Available only Block/PHC-wise and not component-wiseInformation on number of PHCs/DH/SDHYesAccessibilityLanguage in which information is availableEnglish onlyCompatibility on devicesPhone, tablet, laptop friendlyTimelinessHow frequently is data updated?YearlyRelevanceHow relevant would users find it?(i) Fiscal information pertaining to the budget approved/allocated is extensively available in state/district PIPs and RoPs for various years by components, but it is not aligned with the geographical granularity of the district. Expenditure data for various years is available only by geography and component, making it difficult to arrive at an aggregate picture of health sector spending in the district.(ii) Data sources pertaining to various health outcomes, such as NFHS and HMIS, are quite extensive in their coverage and in providing adequate information in the public domain.ReliabilityIs the data reliable?Relevant audit reports are not available on the NHM website. Hence, reliability of data has remained an issue.Accountability and Citizens' ParticipationAvailability of information on social auditProvisions for the same are not available on the NHM website.Availability of information on grievance redressalProvisions for the same are not available on the NHM website.

Given the importance of NHM in providing affordable healthcare to a large section of the populace, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available and accessible to the common masses. Figure 13 lists essential NHM data points/information that are useful to various stakeholders for Barabanki. Hence, their availability and accessibility would be useful. Transparency and Accountability Index Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds available Yes; Information about availability of funds is available in PIP but some indicators such as opening balance, funds released, funds refunded and closing balance is compiled from RTI. Information on funds utilized Yes Information on eligible beneficiaries under various sub-components of NHM Yes Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data No Caste-wise disaggregation of beneficiary data No Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator Fund availability: Available Block/PHC-wise and component-wise Expenditure of funds: Available only Block/PHC-wise and not component-wise Information on number of PHCs/DH/SDH Yes Accessibility Language in which information is available English only Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly Timeliness How frequently is data updated? Yearly Relevance How relevant would users find it? (i) Fiscal information pertaining to the budget approved/allocated is extensively available in state/district PIPs and RoPs for various years by components, but it is not aligned with the geographical granularity of the district. Expenditure data for various years is available only by geography and component, making it difficult to arrive at an aggregate picture of health sector spending in the district. (ii) Data sources pertaining to various health outcomes, such as NFHS and HMIS, are quite extensive in their coverage and in providing adequate information in the public domain. Reliability Is the data reliable? Relevant audit reports are not available on the NHM website. Hence, reliability of data has remained an issue. Accountability and Citizens' Participation Availability of information on social audit Provisions for the same are not available on the NHM website. Availability of information on grievance redressal Provisions for the same are not available on the NHM website. 

The state of Uttar Pradesh performed better than Barabanki in terms of indicators relating to child nutrition.<ul><li>While the state average for anaemia among children in NFHS 5 is marginally higher (66.4%) than in the district (65.5%), the district’s performance is seen to be deteriorating more over time than the state.</li><li>According to indicators related to anaemia among pregnant women and women aged 15-19 years, while the state was able to reduce the incidence of anaemia, Barabanki saw increased prevalence (Figure 2).</li><li>Regardless of change, anaemia across groups remains high in both the district and the state, and needs attention.</li></ul>Figure 2: Change in Nutritional Status from 2015-16 to 2019-21 (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Change_in_Nutritional_Status_from_2015_16_to_2019_21_c985feb450.png"></figure>

How is the district performing in comparison to the state?

The state of Uttar Pradesh performed better than Barabanki in terms of indicators relating to child nutrition. While the state average for anaemia among children in NFHS 5 is marginally higher (66.4%) than in the district (65.5%), the district’s performance is seen to be deteriorating more over time than the state. According to indicators related to anaemia among pregnant women and women aged 15-19 years, while the state was able to reduce the incidence of anaemia, Barabanki saw increased prevalence (Figure 2). Regardless of change, anaemia across groups remains high in both the district and the state, and needs attention. Figure 2: Change in Nutritional Status from 2015-16 to 2019-21 (%) 

Figure 1 shows higher fund availability in 2019-20 compared to the subsequent two years, probably to address challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic in a timely manner in the district. The government reduced allocation in both 2020-21 and 2021-22. According to data compiled from RTIs, in 2018-19, the total fund allocated was Rs. 83.17 crore and Rs. 61.63 crore was released.Figure 1: Availability of Funds Under NHM in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Availability_of_Funds_Under_NHM_in_Barabanki_71bff2924f.png"></figure>

What are the Trends in NHM Budgetary Allocation to the District? 

Figure 1 shows higher fund availability in 2019-20 compared to the subsequent two years, probably to address challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic in a timely manner in the district. The government reduced allocation in both 2020-21 and 2021-22. According to data compiled from RTIs, in 2018-19, the total fund allocated was Rs. 83.17 crore and Rs. 61.63 crore was released. Figure 1: Availability of Funds Under NHM in Barabanki 

In Barabanki district, beneficiaries receive the amount in three instalments under the PMAY-G scheme. According to scheme guidelines, the first instalment should be paid within 15 days of being sanctioned. Figure 5 compares the number of registrations and first instalments.Figure 5: Number of Registrations vs First Instalments<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Number_of_Registrations_vs_First_Instalments_6f1f30502f.png"></figure><ul><li>The number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries during 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 were higher than the number of registrations, likely indicating that these payments were delayed from earlier years.&nbsp;</li><li>In the last two years, the number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries was lesser than the number of registrations. Some registered beneficiaries are expected to be paid in the next financial year.</li><li>&nbsp;During the last two years, of the total 30,031 registrations only 25,679 beneficiaries or approximately 85% received their first instalments, However, according to the data, more than 98% of houses sanctioned in these two years have been completed. This anomaly needs further research.</li></ul>

What is the pattern of instalment payments?

In Barabanki district, beneficiaries receive the amount in three instalments under the PMAY-G scheme.According to scheme guidelines, the first instalment should be paid within 15 days of being sanctioned. Figure 5 compares the number of registrations and first instalments. Figure 5: Number of Registrations vs First Instalments The number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries during 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 were higher than the number of registrations, likely indicating that these payments were delayed from earlier years. In the last two years, the number of first instalments paid to beneficiaries was lesser than the number of registrations. Some registered beneficiaries are expected to be paid in the next financial year. During the last two years, of the total 30,031 registrations only 25,679 beneficiaries or approximately 85% received their first instalments, However, according to the data, more than 98% of houses sanctioned in these two years have been completed. This anomaly needs further research. 

Beneficiaries are given the total amount in three instalments depending on whether a pre-defined stage of house building has been completed. Out of the number of sanctioned houses and for which instalments have been initiated, not all houses are completed for various reasons.&nbsp; Figure 3 shows the number of completed houses of the total number of houses sanctioned in a particular year.Figure 3: Completed and Incomplete Houses<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_3_Fund_Available_and_Expenditure_Rs_Crore_8bfe899e84.png"></figure><ul><li>The rate of completion was very high (98% -100%) during the last five years.</li><li>In line with the low gap between targets and registrations, the scheme reflects a high rate of completion rate in the district.</li><li>The completion rate of 98% for houses sanctioned in 2021-22 is also very high, compared to other districts, notwithstanding that houses generally take longer than a year to be built.</li></ul>

Out of total sanctioned houses, how many have been built?

Beneficiaries are given the total amount in three instalments depending on whether a pre-defined stage of house building has been completed. Out of the number of sanctioned houses and for which instalments have been initiated, not all houses are completed for various reasons. Figure 3 shows the number of completed houses of the total number of houses sanctioned in a particular year. Figure 3: Completed and Incomplete Houses The rate of completion was very high (98% -100%) during the last five years. In line with the low gap between targets and registrations, the scheme reflects a high rate of completion rate in the district. The completion rate of 98% for houses sanctioned in 2021-22 is also very high, compared to other districts, notwithstanding that houses generally take longer than a year to be built. 

Figure 11 shows that adoption of permanent methods of sterilization has remained constant in Barabanki in the five-year period to 2019-20, but has declined for the state. This has been due to the adequate provisioning of resources under the RCH pool of NHM to facilitate sterilisation services in public health facilities in the district.Figure 11: Share of Public Institutions in Sterilizations (Tubectomies and Vasectomies) Conducted in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_11_Share_of_Public_Institutions_in_Sterilizations_Tubectomies_and_Vasectomies_Conducted_in_Barabanki_1e58b216f4.png"></figure>

Figure 11 shows that adoption of permanent methods of sterilization has remained constant in Barabanki in the five-year period to 2019-20, but has declined for the state. This has been due to the adequate provisioning of resources under the RCH pool of NHM to facilitate sterilisation services in public health facilities in the district. Figure 11: Share of Public Institutions in Sterilizations (Tubectomies and Vasectomies) Conducted in Barabanki (%) 

One of the objectives of the scheme is to increase enrolment of students. Figure 1 shows the trend of enrolment in all schools in the district where MDM is provided.<ul><li>In the four years from 2017-18 to 2020-21, there has been an average annual increase of 2.3% in enrolment in schools that provide MDM (government schools and government-aided schools).</li><li>Over the same period, the average annual increase for the state was 1.7%.</li><li>The average annual increase In Barabanki was more at the upper primary level (4.4%) than the primary level (1.5%).</li></ul>Figure 1: Total Enrolment in Schools Providing MDM<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_1_Total_Enrolment_in_Schools_Providing_MDM_5c7d7416b0.png"></figure>

Has MDM Helped Increase Enrolment of Students in Gajapati?

One of the objectives of the scheme is to increase enrolment of students. Figure 1 shows the trend of enrolment in all schools in the district where MDM is provided. In the four years from 2017-18 to 2020-21, there has been an average annual increase of 2.3% in enrolment in schools that provide MDM (government schools and government-aided schools). Over the same period, the average annual increase for the state was 1.7%. The average annual increase In Barabanki was more at the upper primary level (4.4%) than the primary level (1.5%). Figure 1: Total Enrolment in Schools Providing MDM 

Figure 9 presents the employment data divided by gender.Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Gender_Disaggregated_Employment_Data_a7e37160d5.png"></figure><ul><li>Compared to 2017-18, both men and women saw a higher number of employed days in 2020-21.</li><li>In 2021-22, while the number of person-days declined for men, it increased for women.</li><li>After declining for the first four years of our study period, the share of women in work-days increased in 2021-22. This is largely because of a decline in work-days for men and an increase for women.</li><li>From the data available, it is not possible to infer if the increase in work-days for women is due to more women working or an increase in the average number of days that women are working. Data availability in this regard would be helpful on the scheme MIS.</li></ul>

Figure 9 presents the employment data divided by gender. Figure 9: Gender Disaggregated Data Compared to 2017-18, both men and women saw a higher number of employed days in 2020-21. In 2021-22, while the number of person-days declined for men, it increased for women. After declining for the first four years of our study period, the share of women in work-days increased in 2021-22. This is largely because of a decline in work-days for men and an increase for women. From the data available, it is not possible to infer if the increase in work-days for women is due to more women working or an increase in the average number of days that women are working. Data availability in this regard would be helpful on the scheme MIS. 

<ul><li>Budget utilisation under NHM was 71% in 2018-19 in Barabanki, which shows an inadequate amount of utilisation. This resulted in accumulation of large unspent balances.</li><li>Some areas where Barabanki has performed fairly well are facilitating of institutional deliveries, institutional sterilisation and child immunisation. The indicators for these have improved over time.</li><li>Areas in which Barabanki has not performed well are overall maternal healthcare (high incidence of anaemic women and unsafe home deliveries), which poses a high risk of maternal mortality in the district.</li><li>Overall availability of health infrastructure in Barabanki is inadequate given its population. Greater funds should be provided for while laying out the resource envelope for the district. Additionally, more funds should be allocated to build capacity among health workers and equip public health institutions with state-of-the-art facilities in the district so as to further improve health outcomes in the district.</li></ul>

Budget utilisation under NHM was 71% in 2018-19 in Barabanki, which shows an inadequate amount of utilisation. This resulted in accumulation of large unspent balances. Some areas where Barabanki has performed fairly well are facilitating of institutional deliveries, institutional sterilisation and child immunisation. The indicators for these have improved over time. Areas in which Barabanki has not performed well are overall maternal healthcare (high incidence of anaemic women and unsafe home deliveries), which poses a high risk of maternal mortality in the district. Overall availability of health infrastructure in Barabanki is inadequate given its population. Greater funds should be provided for while laying out the resource envelope for the district. Additionally, more funds should be allocated to build capacity among health workers and equip public health institutions with state-of-the-art facilities in the district so as to further improve health outcomes in the district. 

ICDS general: This component covers salaries, honorarium, infrastructure and pre-school education.Figure 6: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under ICDS general in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Trends_in_allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_of_funds_under_ICDS_general_in_Barabanki_d504ac9b4e.png"></figure><ul><li>Allocation was highest in 2019-20, with an increase of 17% over the previous year. This increase, which is in accordance with the overall increase in funds released to the state, may be attributed to the hike in honorarium paid to Anganwadi workers (AWWs) and helpers (AWHs) announced at the end of the third quarter of 2018-19 by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. This hike was to be paid from October 2018 onwards, with an additional provision of performance-based incentives.</li><li>In the following year, 2020-21, allocation was reduced by 33%. This may be attributed to the transfer of honorarium through DBT mode from the Central treasury instead of the district treasury that year.</li></ul>Infrastructure building at Anganwadi centres (AWCs): AWCs are crucial to deliver various services under ICDS, including supplementary nutrition, basic healthcare and pre-school education.Figure 7: Allocation, expenditure and utilisation funds to construct Anganwadi centres in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_funds_to_construct_Anganwadi_centres_in_Barabanki_0a09fecd5a.png"></figure><ul><li>Allocation to construct AWCs was highest in 2019-20 and lowest in 2020-21, when it plunged 90%.</li><li>In 2020-21, however, there was an allocation of an additional Rs 0.045 crore for upgradation of AWCs.</li><li>In 2019-20 and 2020-21, 2,715 AWCs were approved for construction in Uttar Pradesh, of which 532 AWCs are yet to be completed (as on 11.02.2022) and 49 are yet to see construction begin (as reported in Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 152).</li><li>As noted by the state government, construction of various AWCs was stuck due to delays in disbursement of funds under MGNREGS, water logging at sites, the COVID-19 pandemic, etc. However, the state has extended the timeline for their construction.</li></ul>Figure 8 shows the number of AWCs in Barabanki without their own building—they are running from community premises such as schools, panchayats and other community spaces.Figure 8: Infrastructure of AWCs in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Infrastructure_of_AW_Cs_in_Barabanki_761d33b179.png"></figure>Supplementary Nutrition Programme: The SNP is designed to bridge the gap between the ‘recommended dietary allowance’ and the ‘average daily intake’. SNP is provided in two ways: take-home rations (THR) and hot-cooked meals at Anganwadi Centres (AWCs).&nbsp; Take-home rations are provided in the form of dry ration or pre-cooked meals to children aged 6 to 36 months, as well as pregnant and lactating women. THR seeks to address the nutrition gap in new-borns and young children.Figure 9: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under SNP in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_9_Trends_in_allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_of_funds_under_SNP_in_Barabanki_d41329d238.png"></figure><ul><li>Both allocation and expenditure increased by 22.1% from 2018-19 to 2019-20. However, in 2020-21, there was a sudden dip, which may be attributed to the shift to DBT mode for SNP that year. This has been carried through the withdrawal of funds from the district treasury and redistribution through the central treasury in the state.</li></ul>National Nutrition Mission: To give nutrition efforts a further impetus, POSHAN Abhiyaan, or the National Nutrition Mission (NNM), was launched by the Government of India with the target of reducing undernutrition by 2 percentage points each year. POSHAN Abhiyaan has been rolled out in a phased manner since 2018, with the aim of converging and monitoring all nutrition-related schemes. Under POSHAN Abhiyaan, the budget is allocated for programme components such as ICT application (POSHAN tracker), convergence, community mobilisation, behavioural change Jan Andolan, capacity building, incentives and awards, and innovations.Figure 10: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under NNM in Barabanki<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Trends_in_allocation_expenditure_and_utilisation_of_funds_under_NNM_in_Barabanki_248c9cbab1.png"></figure><ul><li>Allocation for NNM was the lowest in the first year. It increased the next year by 390%, possibly due to the phase-wise inception of NNM.</li><li>Utilisation of funds, however, was highest in the first year and significantly lower in 2020-21, with only 24% of funds allocated being spent.</li><li>According to data from the Press Information Bureau (2021), Uttar Pradesh has one of the lowest levels of utilisation under NNM—its average fund utilisation from 2018-19 to 2020-21 was 33.8%. However, the district of Barabanki shows an average utilisation of 64.2%, which is much higher.</li></ul>

What is the trend in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of various components/activities taken up under ICDS?

ICDS general: This component covers salaries, honorarium, infrastructure and pre-school education. Figure 6: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under ICDS general in Barabanki Allocation was highest in 2019-20, with an increase of 17% over the previous year. This increase, which is in accordance with the overall increase in funds released to the state, may be attributed to the hike in honorarium paid to Anganwadi workers (AWWs) and helpers (AWHs) announced at the end of the third quarter of 2018-19 by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. This hike was to be paid from October 2018 onwards, with an additional provision of performance-based incentives. In the following year, 2020-21, allocation was reduced by 33%. This may be attributed to the transfer of honorarium through DBT mode from the Central treasury instead of the district treasury that year. Infrastructure building at Anganwadi centres (AWCs): AWCs are crucial to deliver various services under ICDS, including supplementary nutrition, basic healthcare and pre-school education. Figure 7: Allocation, expenditure and utilisation funds to construct Anganwadi centres in Barabanki Allocation to construct AWCs was highest in 2019-20 and lowest in 2020-21, when it plunged 90%. In 2020-21, however, there was an allocation of an additional Rs 0.045 crore for upgradation of AWCs. In 2019-20 and 2020-21, 2,715 AWCs were approved for construction in Uttar Pradesh, of which 532 AWCs are yet to be completed (as on 11.02.2022) and 49 are yet to see construction begin (as reported in Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 152). As noted by the state government, construction of various AWCs was stuck due to delays in disbursement of funds under MGNREGS, water logging at sites, the COVID-19 pandemic, etc. However, the state has extended the timeline for their construction. Figure 8 shows the number of AWCs in Barabanki without their own building—they are running from community premises such as schools, panchayats and other community spaces. Figure 8: Infrastructure of AWCs in Barabanki Supplementary Nutrition Programme: The SNP is designed to bridge the gap between the ‘recommended dietary allowance’ and the ‘average daily intake’. SNP is provided in two ways: take-home rations (THR) and hot-cooked meals at Anganwadi Centres (AWCs). Take-home rations are provided in the form of dry ration or pre-cooked meals to children aged 6 to 36 months, as well as pregnant and lactating women. THR seeks to address the nutrition gap in new-borns and young children. Figure 9: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under SNP in Barabanki Both allocation and expenditure increased by 22.1% from 2018-19 to 2019-20. However, in 2020-21, there was a sudden dip, which may be attributed to the shift to DBT mode for SNP that year. This has been carried through the withdrawal of funds from the district treasury and redistribution through the central treasury in the state. National Nutrition Mission: To give nutrition efforts a further impetus, POSHAN Abhiyaan, or the National Nutrition Mission (NNM), was launched by the Government of India with the target of reducing undernutrition by 2 percentage points each year. POSHAN Abhiyaan has been rolled out in a phased manner since 2018, with the aim of converging and monitoring all nutrition-related schemes. Under POSHAN Abhiyaan, the budget is allocated for programme components such as ICT application (POSHAN tracker), convergence, community mobilisation, behavioural change Jan Andolan , capacity building, incentives and awards, and innovations. Figure 10: Trends in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds under NNM in Barabanki Allocation for NNM was the lowest in the first year. It increased the next year by 390%, possibly due to the phase-wise inception of NNM. Utilisation of funds, however, was highest in the first year and significantly lower in 2020-21, with only 24% of funds allocated being spent. According to data from the Press Information Bureau (2021), Uttar Pradesh has one of the lowest levels of utilisation under NNM—its average fund utilisation from 2018-19 to 2020-21 was 33.8%. However, the district of Barabanki shows an average utilisation of 64.2%, which is much higher. 

Given the importance of the scheme in providing safe and liveable houses for large numbers of people, information about the scheme should be available and easily accessible.Figure 8 lists various aspects of required data and whether such data is publicly available. Information regarding PMAY-G is available on the scheme MIS which can be accessed at: <a href="https://rhreporting.nic.in/netiay/newreport.aspx">https://rhreporting.nic.in/netiay/newreport.aspx</a> (Data accessed on 30h August, 2022). &nbsp;Transparency and Accountability Index&nbsp;Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness<ul><li>Information on allocated funds<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on received funds<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds available<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds utilized<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds for different components<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li></ul>Accessibility<ul><li>Language of availability of information<ul><li>English</li></ul></li><li>Compatibility on devices<ul><li>Phone, tablet, laptop</li></ul></li></ul>Timeliness<ul><li>How frequently are data updated<ul><li>Real-Time</li></ul></li></ul>Relevance<ul><li>Relevance of data<ul><li>Relevant for monitoring purposes.</li></ul></li></ul>Reliability<ul><li>Reliability of data<ul><li>Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India audit reports are not available on the PMAY-G website. Therefore, authenticating the data with the MIS and matching evidence on the ground is essential.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>Accountability and Citizen’s Participation<ul><li>Social Audit schedules<ul><li>No</li></ul></li><li>Availability of social audit reports<ul><li>No</li></ul></li><li>Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas<ul><li>No</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries<ul><li>Contact details for lodging complaints are listed on the website for every state. Details about the number of complaints, status and action taken are available.</li></ul></li></ul>

How does the district fare in terms of information available on PMAY-G?

Given the importance of the scheme in providing safe and liveable houses for large numbers of people, information about the scheme should be available and easily accessible. Figure 8 lists various aspects of required data and whether such data is publicly available. Information regarding PMAY-G is available on the scheme MIS which can be accessed at: https://rhreporting.nic.in/netiay/newreport.aspx (Data accessed on 30h August, 2022). Transparency and Accountability Index Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on allocated funds Yes Information on received funds Yes Information on funds available Yes Information on funds utilized Yes Information on funds for different components Yes Accessibility Language of availability of information English Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop Timeliness How frequently are data updated Real-Time Relevance Relevance of data Relevant for monitoring purposes. Reliability Reliability of data Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India audit reports are not available on the PMAY-G website. Therefore, authenticating the data with the MIS and matching evidence on the ground is essential. Accountability and Citizen’s Participation Social Audit schedules No Availability of social audit reports No Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas No Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries Contact details for lodging complaints are listed on the website for every state. Details about the number of complaints, status and action taken are available. 

Figure 4 shows the per capita allocation of funds in Barabanki district in 2018-19 was Rs 182, which was only Rs 8 lower than the state figure.Figure 4: Per Capita Health Expenditure Under NHM in 2018-19 (Rs)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Per_Capita_Health_Expenditure_Under_NHM_in_2018_19_Rs_96bdd5e894.png"></figure>

What is the Per Capita Allocation Under NHM to the District?

Figure 4 shows the per capita allocation of funds in Barabanki district in 2018-19 was Rs 182, which was only Rs 8 lower than the state figure. Figure 4: Per Capita Health Expenditure Under NHM in 2018-19 (Rs) 

Given the importance of the scheme in generating livelihoods for a large number of people, different data points/information related to the scheme should be available and accessible by the common masses. Figure 11 compiles a list of essential data points/information regarding MGNREGS that would of interest to various stakeholders, and hence must be available and accessible for the district.&nbsp; The data points/information regarding MGNREGS is available on the MIS of the scheme: (<a href="http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx">http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx</a>). The Data accessed on 20th June, 2022.&nbsp;Transparency and Accountability Index for MGNREGS in BarabankiAvailability of Information and Comprehensiveness<ul><li>Information on funds available<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Information on funds utilized<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Delays in compensation and the reasons thereof'<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Status of beneficiaries’ accounts (frozen or unfrozen)<ul><li>Details on number of frozen accounts is available, but beneficiaries may not be able to check their status.</li></ul></li><li>Information on ‘number of person-days’ of jobs generated<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data by social groups<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on work/project undertaken<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator<ul><li>Houeshold</li></ul></li></ul>Accessibility<ul><li>Language of availability of information<ul><li>English only (Addition of Hindi and other regional languages may be more useful to beneficiaries)</li></ul></li><li>Compatibility on devices<ul><li>Phone, tablet, laptop friendly. But there’s no back button due to Captcha, which makes it a little cumbersome for users.</li></ul></li></ul>Timeliness<ul><li>Frequency of data updation<ul><li>Real-Time</li></ul></li></ul>Relevance<ul><li>How relevant would users find it<ul><li>It is largely useful and relevant for policymakers, civil society organizations (CSOs) and researchers. It can be made more relevant to beneficiaries. For instance, data on the number of projects, job-card holders, etc. is useful for researchers and CSOs; information on convergence of MGNREGS with other schemes and so on will be useful for policymakers and administrators, etc. However, beneficiaries cannot check their particular account status or delayed compensations, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>Reliability<ul><li>Whether the data is reliable<ul><li>While Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit reports for MGNREGS are available, authenticating with MIS as well as ground-truthing is essential.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ul>Accountability and Citizen’s Participation<ul><li>Social Audit schedules<ul><li>Social audit calendars are available.</li></ul></li><li>Availability of social audit reports<ul><li>Gram Panchayat social audit reports are available for some Panchayats in some years, based on selection for social audit.</li></ul></li><li>Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas<ul><li>Although details on action taken after social audits are available, information on the number of beneficiaries as participants is not available; just the total number of participants in the Gram Sabhas is given.</li></ul></li><li>Availability of details on financial misappropriation and recovery<ul><li>Yes</li></ul></li><li>Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries<ul><li>Ombudsperson’s status and complaint register are available, but may need to be updated. Beneficiaries can check the status of complaints at: <a href="http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&amp;Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg">http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&amp;Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Given the importance of the scheme in generating livelihoods for a large number of people, different data points/information related to the scheme should be available and accessible by the common masses. Figure 11 compiles a list of essential data points/information regarding MGNREGS that would of interest to various stakeholders, and hence must be available and accessible for the district. The data points/information regarding MGNREGS is available on the MIS of the scheme: (http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/MISreport4.aspx ). The Data accessed on 20th June, 2022. Transparency and Accountability Index for MGNREGS in Barabanki Availability of Information and Comprehensiveness Information on funds available Yes Information on funds utilized Yes Delays in compensation and the reasons thereof' Yes Status of beneficiaries’ accounts (frozen or unfrozen) Details on number of frozen accounts is available, but beneficiaries may not be able to check their status. Information on ‘number of person-days’ of jobs generated Yes Gender-wise disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data Yes Disaggregation of beneficiaries’ data by social groups Yes Availability of information on work/project undertaken Yes Geographical granularity of the fiscal indicator Houeshold Accessibility Language of availability of information English only (Addition of Hindi and other regional languages may be more useful to beneficiaries) Compatibility on devices Phone, tablet, laptop friendly. But there’s no back button due to Captcha, which makes it a little cumbersome for users. Timeliness Frequency of data updation Real-Time Relevance How relevant would users find it It is largely useful and relevant for policymakers, civil society organizations (CSOs) and researchers. It can be made more relevant to beneficiaries. For instance, data on the number of projects, job-card holders, etc. is useful for researchers and CSOs; information on convergence of MGNREGS with other schemes and so on will be useful for policymakers and administrators, etc. However, beneficiaries cannot check their particular account status or delayed compensations, etc. Reliability Whether the data is reliable While Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit reports for MGNREGS are available, authenticating with MIS as well as ground-truthing is essential. Accountability and Citizen’s Participation Social Audit schedules Social audit calendars are available. Availability of social audit reports Gram Panchayat social audit reports are available for some Panchayats in some years, based on selection for social audit. Participation of beneficiaries in Gram Sabhas Although details on action taken after social audits are available, information on the number of beneficiaries as participants is not available; just the total number of participants in the Gram Sabhas is given. Availability of details on financial misappropriation and recovery Yes Availability of information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism for beneficiaries Ombudsperson’s status and complaint register are available, but may need to be updated. Beneficiaries can check the status of complaints at: http://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/citizen_html/compdetail.aspx?source=national&Digest=nck/Hyo9Jns5wL4J/4pLUg 

Figure 5 shows that in the five-year period to 2019-20, Barabanki has mostly trailed Uttar Pradesh in share of inpatient departments (IPDs) to outpatient departments (OPDs). This implies that adequate allocation of funds for the provision of tertiary and critical care still needs to be prioritised in the district.Figure 5: Share of IPDs to OPDs (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Share_of_IP_Ds_to_OP_Ds_9630aed47a.png"></figure>As per the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) guidelines, a population of 3,000-5,000 should be covered by Sub Centres (SCs), 20,000-30,000 by Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 80,000 by Community Health Centres (CHCs) in tribal/hilly and 1,20,000 in plain areas. Figure 6 represents per capita availability of various types of health centres in Barabanki as on 31st March, 2021.Figure 6: Per Capita Availability of Various Types of Health Centres<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Per_Capita_Availability_of_Various_Types_of_Health_Centres_519177780e.png"></figure>The availability of health centres in Barabanki is far from the standards prescribed by the IPHS guidelines. In Barabanki, the average population is 1,71,000 per CHC, 57,200 per PHC and 9,300 per SC. These numbers are higher for Uttar Pradesh: 2,65,000 per CHC, 68,300 per PHC and 9,600 per SC.According to the PIP, budgetary allocation for the annual maintenance of district hospitals, CHCs, PHCs, Sub Centres, VHSCs (Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee) and additional untied funds was Rs 2.31 crore in 2019-20 and Rs 3.04 crore in 2020-21.There is also allocation of funds under infrastructure components amounting to Rs 60 lakh and Rs 523.3 lakh in 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Significant funds allocated in 2020-21 under infrastructure was under the sub-head infrastructure strengthening of sub-centres to health and wellness centres (H&amp;WC).

Where does the District Stand on Availability of Healthcare Infrastructure? 

Figure 5 shows that in the five-year period to 2019-20, Barabanki has mostly trailed Uttar Pradesh in share of inpatient departments (IPDs) to outpatient departments (OPDs). This implies that adequate allocation of funds for the provision of tertiary and critical care still needs to be prioritised in the district. Figure 5: Share of IPDs to OPDs (%) As per the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) guidelines, a population of 3,000-5,000 should be covered by Sub Centres (SCs), 20,000-30,000 by Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 80,000 by Community Health Centres (CHCs) in tribal/hilly and 1,20,000 in plain areas. Figure 6 represents per capita availability of various types of health centres in Barabanki as on 31st March, 2021. Figure 6: Per Capita Availability of Various Types of Health Centres The availability of health centres in Barabanki is far from the standards prescribed by the IPHS guidelines. In Barabanki, the average population is 1,71,000 per CHC, 57,200 per PHC and 9,300 per SC. These numbers are higher for Uttar Pradesh: 2,65,000 per CHC, 68,300 per PHC and 9,600 per SC. According to the PIP, budgetary allocation for the annual maintenance of district hospitals, CHCs, PHCs, Sub Centres, VHSCs (Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee) and additional untied funds was Rs 2.31 crore in 2019-20 and Rs 3.04 crore in 2020-21. There is also allocation of funds under infrastructure components amounting to Rs 60 lakh and Rs 523.3 lakh in 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Significant funds allocated in 2020-21 under infrastructure was under the sub-head infrastructure strengthening of sub-centres to health and wellness centres (H&WC). 

Given the importance of ICDS in providing nutrition and helping in the overall development of children, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available to and accessible by the common masses.The following table shows a list of essential data points/information regarding ICDS that various stakeholders will find useful. The availability and accessibility of this information is critical to ensure the scheme’s success. The current level of information available has been evaluated for each of the indicators.&nbsp;Transparency and Accountability IndexAvailabilityIs the data is available at the district level?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, on the district treasury website. It is available for various ICDS components such as Supplementary Nutrition Programme, ICDS General, National Nutrition Mission, and construction of Anganwadis (2017-18 to 2020-21). It is available for the following fiscal indicators: funds allocated, current month expenditure (April), progressive expenditure up to month (April), and percentage of allocation upon expenditure.Outcome indicators: Yes. It is available online for nutrition-specific indicators such as stunting, wasting, anaemia among children, etc, from the National Family Health Survey.Is the data available via online/offline mode?Fiscal (input) indicators: OnlineOutcome indicators: OnlineAccessibilityIs the data available in an 'open access' format?Fiscal (input) indicators: YesOutcome indicators: YesIs the data published in machine-readable formats, such as CSV, Excel etc., and is it easily reusable?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes. Data can be downloaded in Excel format.Outcome indicators: Data is available in PDF format.Is the data published in multiple languages?Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, English and HindiOutcome indicators: No, English onlyCompleteness/Comprehensiveness&nbsp;&nbsp;Is the data complete or partial?Fiscal (input) indicators: Fiscal information is available for various components along with disaggregated information about the standard objects under each of these components.Outcome indicators: The information is comprehensive and available for similar indicators for both districts and states.Timeliness of Data that is availableIs the data generated on a timely and regular basis?Fiscal (input) indicators: YesOutcome indicators: NoHow frequently is the data updated?Fiscal (input) indicators: Real timeOutcome indicators: NFHS data is available at different intervals each time. The latest survey was conducted after an interval of three years.Which year does the latest data cover?Fiscal (input) indicators: Latest/ ongoing financial yearOutcome indicators: For NFHS, data is available up to 2019-20.User-friendliness and relevance of data that is available&nbsp;Is the data easy to understand and comprehend and are the analytics published online? (Is it free of technical codes and difficult terminology?)Fiscal (input) indicators: To download ICDS data from the treasury, knowledge of DDO/scheme codes is required.Outcome indicators: Yes, analytics produced by NFHS are relevant and user friendly.Public participation and accountability&nbsp;&nbsp;Is there space for people to participate in planning/budgeting/monitoring/evaluation/auditing of the scheme at the district/block/panchayat level?NoAre people physically present and actively involved in the consultations/meetings in any of the above tiers of programme design and implementation?NoIf there is no possibility of physical participation, are there other 'means' of participation?NoIs there any provision for a social audit of the scheme?NoAre social audits conducted as per norms?NoAre social audit reports publicly available?Not applicableIs there any grievance redressal mechanism for beneficiaries?No

Where does the district stand on information available on ICDS?

Given the importance of ICDS in providing nutrition and helping in the overall development of children, different data/information about the scheme should be readily available to and accessible by the common masses. The following table shows a list of essential data points/information regarding ICDS that various stakeholders will find useful. The availability and accessibility of this information is critical to ensure the scheme’s success. The current level of information available has been evaluated for each of the indicators. Transparency and Accountability Index Availability Is the data is available at the district level? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, on the district treasury website. It is available for various ICDS components such as Supplementary Nutrition Programme, ICDS General, National Nutrition Mission, and construction of Anganwadis (2017-18 to 2020-21). It is available for the following fiscal indicators: funds allocated, current month expenditure (April), progressive expenditure up to month (April), and percentage of allocation upon expenditure. Outcome indicators: Yes. It is available online for nutrition-specific indicators such as stunting, wasting, anaemia among children, etc, from the National Family Health Survey. Is the data available via online/offline mode? Fiscal (input) indicators: Online Outcome indicators: Online Accessibility Is the data available in an 'open access' format? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes Outcome indicators: Yes Is the data published in machine-readable formats, such as CSV, Excel etc., and is it easily reusable? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes. Data can be downloaded in Excel format. Outcome indicators: Data is available in PDF format. Is the data published in multiple languages? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes, English and Hindi Outcome indicators: No, English only Completeness/Comprehensiveness Is the data complete or partial? Fiscal (input) indicators: Fiscal information is available for various components along with disaggregated information about the standard objects under each of these components. Outcome indicators: The information is comprehensive and available for similar indicators for both districts and states. Timeliness of Data that is available Is the data generated on a timely and regular basis? Fiscal (input) indicators: Yes Outcome indicators: No How frequently is the data updated? Fiscal (input) indicators: Real time Outcome indicators: NFHS data is available at different intervals each time. The latest survey was conducted after an interval of three years. Which year does the latest data cover? Fiscal (input) indicators: Latest/ ongoing financial year Outcome indicators: For NFHS, data is available up to 2019-20. User-friendliness and relevance of data that is available Is the data easy to understand and comprehend and are the analytics published online? (Is it free of technical codes and difficult terminology?) Fiscal (input) indicators: To download ICDS data from the treasury, knowledge of DDO/scheme codes is required. Outcome indicators: Yes, analytics produced by NFHS are relevant and user friendly. Public participation and accountability Is there space for people to participate in planning/budgeting/monitoring/evaluation/auditing of the scheme at the district/block/panchayat level? No Are people physically present and actively involved in the consultations/meetings in any of the above tiers of programme design and implementation? No If there is no possibility of physical participation, are there other 'means' of participation? No Is there any provision for a social audit of the scheme? No Are social audits conducted as per norms? No Are social audit reports publicly available? Not applicable Is there any grievance redressal mechanism for beneficiaries? No 

Total expenditure under MGNREGS occurs on four components: wages, material, taxes paid on buying materials, and lastly the administration. The last two are small components. Hence, only wages and material expenses have been analysed below.&nbsp;Figure 5: Components of Expenditure<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Total_Payments_Due_Rs_Lakh_6f4bdfcda8.png"></figure><ul><li>From 2018-19 onwards, expenditure on wages has increased continuously.</li><li>During 2020-21, when there was sudden increase in demand for MGNREGS, the total increase in expenditure was equally distributed between wages and material. This is different from most districts, where a much larger portion went towards increased wage payment.</li><li>The other two components (taxes and administration expenses) are in the range of a combined Rs 4-9 crore in this period.</li></ul>

Total expenditure under MGNREGS occurs on four components: wages, material, taxes paid on buying materials, and lastly the administration. The last two are small components. Hence, only wages and material expenses have been analysed below. Figure 5: Components of Expenditure From 2018-19 onwards, expenditure on wages has increased continuously. During 2020-21, when there was sudden increase in demand for MGNREGS, the total increase in expenditure was equally distributed between wages and material. This is different from most districts, where a much larger portion went towards increased wage payment. The other two components (taxes and administration expenses) are in the range of a combined Rs 4-9 crore in this period. 

Figure 10 represent the person-days availed, in absolute and relative terms, by the three social groups: Scheduled Tribes (STs), Scheduled Castes (SCs) and others.Figure 10: Employment for STs and SCs<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_10_Employment_for_S_Ts_and_S_Cs_a7d23907c3.png"></figure><ul><li>Barabanki has a very small population of Scheduled Tribes. Hence their share in MGNREGS work is also almost negligible.</li><li>The two remaining groups, SCs and others, both saw an increase in work-days between 2017-18 and 2021-22.</li><li>The share of SCs in total person-days of work has ranged from 38.7% to 40.3%. This is higher than the 26.5% share of SCs in the district population.</li></ul>

Figure 10 represent the person-days availed, in absolute and relative terms, by the three social groups: Scheduled Tribes (STs), Scheduled Castes (SCs) and others. Figure 10: Employment for STs and SCs Barabanki has a very small population of Scheduled Tribes. Hence their share in MGNREGS work is also almost negligible. The two remaining groups, SCs and others, both saw an increase in work-days between 2017-18 and 2021-22. The share of SCs in total person-days of work has ranged from 38.7% to 40.3%. This is higher than the 26.5% share of SCs in the district population. 

Figure 4 and Figure 5 analyse the trend of allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds for ICDS in Barabanki, based on data collected from the district treasury (accessed on 30th October, 2022). Here, utilisation of funds is calculated in percentage terms as expenditure over allocation.<ul><li>In the first three years, there was an average increase of 21% in allocation. In 2020-21, however, allocation fell by 39% (Figure 4).</li><li>This big drop in funds in 2020-21 may be due to the non-inclusion of funds from the central treasury (Lucknow, in the case of Uttar Pradesh). In 2020-21, funds were directly transferred to beneficiaries under the Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) and as honorarium to Anganwadi workers and helpers.</li><li>The first lockdown period following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic fell in 2020-21. There were several short- and medium-term disruptions that impacted ICDS services such as pre-school activities, and distribution of hot, cooked meals and snacks, among others. This may be an additional reason for the fall in allotment and expenditure that year.</li></ul>Figure 4: Allocation and Expenditure of ICDS funds in Barabanki (Rs crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Allocation_and_Expenditure_of_ICDS_funds_in_Barabanki_Rs_crore_79bd238536.png"></figure><ul><li>Utilisation of allocated funds increased in 2018-19, but fell significantly in 2019-20. Since the expenditure remained similar to the previous year, this may have been due to the allocated amount not being spent under the components discussed below.</li></ul>Figure 5: Utilisation of ICDS funds in Barabanki (%)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_5_Utilisation_of_ICDS_funds_in_Barabanki_7c93ba2568.png"></figure>

What is the overall trend in allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds for ICDS?

Figure 4 and Figure 5 analyse the trend of allocation, expenditure and utilisation of funds for ICDS in Barabanki, based on data collected from the district treasury (accessed on 30th October, 2022). Here, utilisation of funds is calculated in percentage terms as expenditure over allocation. In the first three years, there was an average increase of 21% in allocation. In 2020-21, however, allocation fell by 39% (Figure 4). This big drop in funds in 2020-21 may be due to the non-inclusion of funds from the central treasury (Lucknow, in the case of Uttar Pradesh). In 2020-21, funds were directly transferred to beneficiaries under the Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) and as honorarium to Anganwadi workers and helpers. The first lockdown period following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic fell in 2020-21. There were several short- and medium-term disruptions that impacted ICDS services such as pre-school activities, and distribution of hot, cooked meals and snacks, among others. This may be an additional reason for the fall in allotment and expenditure that year. Figure 4: Allocation and Expenditure of ICDS funds in Barabanki (Rs crore) Utilisation of allocated funds increased in 2018-19, but fell significantly in 2019-20. Since the expenditure remained similar to the previous year, this may have been due to the allocated amount not being spent under the components discussed below. Figure 5: Utilisation of ICDS funds in Barabanki (%) 

Figure 2 shows the utilisation of funds under NHM in 2018-19 in Barabanki district was similar to that for the state. Of the Rs. 83.17 crore allocated for the district in 2018-19, only Rs. 59.18 crore was utilised. For Uttar Pradesh state, against its allocation of Rs. 5,431.9 crore, it utilised Rs. 3,792.24 crore.Figure 2: Utilisation of Funds under NHM in 2018-19<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_2_Utilisation_of_Funds_under_NHM_in_2018_19_9af048f598.png"></figure>

Figure 2 shows the utilisation of funds under NHM in 2018-19 in Barabanki district was similar to that for the state. Of the Rs. 83.17 crore allocated for the district in 2018-19, only Rs. 59.18 crore was utilised. For Uttar Pradesh state, against its allocation of Rs. 5,431.9 crore, it utilised Rs. 3,792.24 crore. Figure 2: Utilisation of Funds under NHM in 2018-19 

Under the scheme, there are several components for which funds are made available and spent. These are:<ul><li>Foodgrain cost, which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI)</li><li>Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare meals, except foodgrains</li><li>Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers (CCH)</li><li>Transportation cost of foodgrains</li><li>Expenses on management, monitoring and evaluation (MME)</li><li>Construction of kitchens</li><li>Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment</li></ul>Of these, the first four are regular expenses, while the last two are occasional and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. For these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this factsheet. In all subsequent analyses, total funds available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components.Figure 4 shows the trend of fund available and expenditure in the district of Barabanki.<ul><li>Fund availability and expenditure trends closely follow the trend of number of approvals and number of students availing of meals, as can be expected.</li><li>In this four-year period, there was a fund shortage of Rs 2.5 crore in 2018-19. In the remaining three years, there were unutilised funds at the end of the financial year.</li><li>The sharp increase in 2020-21 can be attributed to the closure of schools in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Instead of meals in schools, students were given a food security allowance. This covered all students, as opposed to the previous year, when the number of students approved for meals was generally around half the enrolments.</li></ul>Figure 4: Total Availability and Expenditure under MDM in Barabanki (Rs lakh)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Total_Availability_and_Expenditure_under_MDM_in_Barabanki_Rs_lakh_8015473968.png"></figure>

Under the scheme, there are several components for which funds are made available and spent. These are: Foodgrain cost, which is paid to the Food Corporation of India (FCI) Cooking cost, which includes expenditure on all items used to prepare meals, except foodgrains Honorarium to cooks-cum-helpers (CCH) Transportation cost of foodgrains Expenses on management, monitoring and evaluation (MME) Construction of kitchens Procurement and replacement of kitchen equipment Of these, the first four are regular expenses, while the last two are occasional and more need-based. Data on MME is available at the state level, not at the district level. For these reasons, only the first four components have been analysed in this factsheet. In all subsequent analyses, total funds available and total expenditure refers to the sum of these four components. Figure 4 shows the trend of fund available and expenditure in the district of Barabanki. Fund availability and expenditure trends closely follow the trend of number of approvals and number of students availing of meals, as can be expected. In this four-year period, there was a fund shortage of Rs 2.5 crore in 2018-19. In the remaining three years, there were unutilised funds at the end of the financial year. The sharp increase in 2020-21 can be attributed to the closure of schools in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Instead of meals in schools, students were given a food security allowance. This covered all students, as opposed to the previous year, when the number of students approved for meals was generally around half the enrolments. Figure 4: Total Availability and Expenditure under MDM in Barabanki (Rs lakh) 

Figure 8 shows the utilisation rate for all four components for the district and the state.<ul><li>Utilisation rate has the same trend in the district and state for three components: CCH, foodgrains and transport.</li><li>Utilisation rate of the district generally compares favourably with that of the state for the above three components.</li><li>For cooking costs, the trend as well as the level diverges between the district and the state.</li><li>The high utilisation rate in the district in 2018-19 is on account of higher-than-budgeted expenditure— Rs 26.3 crore against a fund allocation of Rs 23.6 crore.</li><li>The high level of utilisation in the district in 2019-20 is on account of payment of dues of the previous year as well as fewer funds being received compared to the allocation: Rs 18.5 crore versus Rs 23.9 crore.</li></ul>Figure 8: Utilisation rate %<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_8_Utilisation_rate_2a266a63ec.png"></figure>

How does Fund Utilisation by the District Compare with that of the State?

Figure 8 shows the utilisation rate for all four components for the district and the state. Utilisation rate has the same trend in the district and state for three components: CCH, foodgrains and transport. Utilisation rate of the district generally compares favourably with that of the state for the above three components. For cooking costs, the trend as well as the level diverges between the district and the state. The high utilisation rate in the district in 2018-19 is on account of higher-than-budgeted expenditure— Rs 26.3 crore against a fund allocation of Rs 23.6 crore. The high level of utilisation in the district in 2019-20 is on account of payment of dues of the previous year as well as fewer funds being received compared to the allocation: Rs 18.5 crore versus Rs 23.9 crore. Figure 8: Utilisation rate % 

The ownership of houses under the PMAY-G scheme is reported under three categories – men, women and joint ownership. Figure 6 shows the distribution of houses under these categories.&nbsp;Figure 6: Gender-wise distribution of sanctioned vs completed houses&nbsp;<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_6_Number_of_Houses_Sanctioned_vs_Completed_d8ee26a505.png"></figure><ul><li>In the last five years, houses were nearly equally distributed among the three categories, constituting a share of 33-34%.</li></ul>Figure 7 shows different rates of house completion.&nbsp;Figure 7: Rate of House Completion for Different Categories of House Owners (Percent)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_7_Completion_rate_for_different_category_of_house_owners_78f42ff673.png"></figure><ul><li>The completion rate for all three categories during the five-year period was 97%-98%.</li><li>There have been some year-wise fluctuations. Except the ‘joint’ category in 2019-20, the completion rate has been higher than 97%.</li></ul>

How are houses distributed according to gender?

The ownership of houses under the PMAY-G scheme is reported under three categories – men, women and joint ownership. Figure 6 shows the distribution of houses under these categories. Figure 6: Gender-wise distribution of sanctioned vs completed houses In the last five years, houses were nearly equally distributed among the three categories, constituting a share of 33-34%. Figure 7 shows different rates of house completion. Figure 7: Rate of House Completion for Different Categories of House Owners (Percent) The completion rate for all three categories during the five-year period was 97%-98%. There have been some year-wise fluctuations. Except the ‘joint’ category in 2019-20, the completion rate has been higher than 97%. 

A district receives funds based on targets, unit assistance and utilisation. Given the nature of expenditure, one house can be built over the course of more than one financial year.&nbsp; Figure 4 shows the yearly as well as cumulative availability and fund expenditures under the scheme between 2017 and 2022.&nbsp;Figure 4: Available funds and Expenditure Incurred (Rs Crore)<figure class="image"><img src="/uploads/Figure_4_Completed_and_Incomplete_House_6b44857e6a.png"></figure><ul><li>Since allocation is based on the number of eligible beneficiaries in the district, the trend of allocation is a reflection of year-wise changes in the number of eligible beneficiaries.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>The period of construction as well as payment of instalments can be spread over more than one financial year. As a result, funds allocation and utilisation during a year and utilisation in each year are not strictly comparable which is generally the case with other schemes.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Utilisation of funds in 2017-18 was much higher than the allocated amount. This is most likely owing to utilisation of funds from earlier years. Similarly, unutilised funds of 2020-21 are likely to be spent in subsequent years.</li></ul>

How Much Fund Was Made Available and How Much Was Spent?

A district receives funds based on targets, unit assistance and utilisation. Given the nature of expenditure, one house can be built over the course of more than one financial year. Figure 4 shows the yearly as well as cumulative availability and fund expenditures under the scheme between 2017 and 2022. Figure 4: Available funds and Expenditure Incurred (Rs Crore) Since allocation is based on the number of eligible beneficiaries in the district, the trend of allocation is a reflection of year-wise changes in the number of eligible beneficiaries. The period of construction as well as payment of instalments can be spread over more than one financial year. As a result, funds allocation and utilisation during a year and utilisation in each year are not strictly comparable which is generally the case with other schemes. Utilisation of funds in 2017-18 was much higher than the allocated amount. This is most likely owing to utilisation of funds from earlier years. Similarly, unutilised funds of 2020-21 are likely to be spent in subsequent years. 

District Factsheet

You may also like

Saharsa (Bihar) , MDM

Saharsa (Bihar) , MGNREGS

Saharsa (Bihar) , NHM

Saharsa (Bihar) , PMAY-G